Examples of toxicant

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Recently laboratory studies have attempted to study more realistic toxicant effects on cercarial survival by utilising contaminated material collected from polluted field sites.
For example, recent studies have examined the potential for use of ant semiochemicals as termite repellents and toxicants.
During the mark-recapture studies, colonies were not treated with any toxicant.
The impaired survival of infected molluscs in polluted conditions may be due to an alteration in toxicant accumulation in infected molluscs compared to uninfected ones.
A number of studies have noted that exposure of a host to a toxicant may affect the physiology of trematodes residing in their tissues.
All studies reported a general trend of a decrease in cercarial survival with increasing toxicant concentration.
Data on the infectivity of toxicant-exposed metacercariae is limited to species that form free-living cysts.
Despite the voluminous literature devoted to this subject, intraspecific comparisons among toxicant resistance genes are rare.
Only after the mark-recapture experiments were finished, colonies were treated with different toxicants.
The relatively few studies on the effects of toxicants on miracidial infectivity to date have focused on the effects of short duration acute concentrations.
These studies have demonstrated a number of important physiological factors which influence parasite transmission under toxicant exposure.
These authors considered that exposure to both parasite and toxicant may have induced fish to abort their pregnancies.
The effects of toxicants on cercarial infectivity have been extensively studied.
Respiration can also be seriously compromised in toxicant exposed infected snails.
The duration and activity of the movement of cilia were significantly reduced with increasing temperature or toxicant concentration.
Attention has thus begun to focus on other mechanisms of cercarial functional biology which may be better indicators of an increased vulnerability to toxicants.
It was concluded that this was due to an increase in the mortalities of the cercarial and metacercarial stages, which occurred with more frequency with increasing exposure to the toxicants.
Morley et al. (2002 a) reported that different species of target hosts may have differing susceptibilities to toxicant-exposed cercariae.

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