| 词汇 | supermajority |
| 释义 | supermajority noun[ C ] politics specialized(alsosuper-majority)uk /ˌsuː.pə.məˈdʒɒr.ə.ti/ us /ˌsuː.pɚ.məˈdʒɔː.rə.t̬i/ in an election, the number or percentage of votes needed for important changes to be made, when that number is higher than a normal majority (= the difference in the number of votes between the winning person or group and the one that comes second): （选举）绝对多数 : The city council needs a supermajority of eleven votes to pass its budget.市议会需要获得11票的绝对多数才能通过预算。 The party was one vote short of a super-majority.该党离获得绝对多数只差了一票。 Some countries require a supermajority vote for any tax increases.一些国家要求在投票中获得绝对多数才能提高税收。 The United States Constitution requires a supermajority of two-thirds of both houses of Congress to propose a constitutional amendment.美国宪法要求国会两院必须有三分之二的绝对多数才能提出宪法修正案。 The government needed a three-fifths supermajority in order for the law to take effect immediately. Ten states required a supermajority to approve the changes, and the rest required only a simple majority. Any amendment to their country's constitution must be approved by either a super-majority in parliament or by the people in a referendum. The bill did not get the supermajority necessary to pass. Elections absentee absentee ballot absentee vote absentee voter absentee voting enfranchisement entrance poll exit poll first-past-the-post flip proportional representation proxy proxy vote proxy voter proxy voting voting voting booth voting machine voting slip whistle-stop Examples of supermajoritysupermajority One might, that is, adopt (1) a standard quorum minimum, (2) a supermajority multiplier, and (3) a standard present-and-voting multiplicand. I compare absolute majority rules to simple majority rules under which only those present and voting are counted, and to simple supermajority rules. My thesis is that under plausible conditions, absolute majority rules prove superior both to simple majority rules and to simple supermajority rules. This emphasizes that absolute majority rules protect the status quo, just as does raising the voting multiplier from majority to supermajority. It is striking, however, that the political appeal of majority rule often reasserts itself even where supermajority multipliers or other minority-veto schemes are in effect. The measure would also pass even under a two-thirds supermajority multiplier with the ordinary present-and-voting multiplicand. In dynamic terms, minorities may fear that the open countermajoritarianism of supermajority rules will eventually produce a public backlash. The procedure of voting by this supermajority will satisfy universal domain, anonymity and systematicity and generate consistent collective sets of judgments. If a voting rule is to be coherently stated, one must ask 'a majority (or supermajority) of what'? With these specifications, a minimum simple majority is twenty-six; varying the multiplier to two-thirds requires a minimum supermajority of thirty-four. In these examples, there is no dispute about whether the voting rule mandates a simple majority or some particular supermajority. Where legislative majorities are large it is less important, but the same is true of a supermajority multiplier. My thesis has been that absolute majority rules prove superior both to simple majority rules and simple supermajority rules, under plausible conditions. There are also symmetric supermajority rules, which do not privilege the status quo but which yield non-trivial ties. Of the remaining states, seven required a supermajority to approve such alterations, and six merely required a majority. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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