Examples of scarification

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Depending on the case, bleeding, cupping (' with or without scarification '), cathartics, emetics, issues and setons, and blisters, were useful (pp. 63-80).
This can be explained by the anatomical changes caused by the scarification treatments.
After scarification, germination percentages increased significantly in both species, with all populations showing mean values above 84%.
Scarification by heat, acid treatments, bleach, oxidizing gases and mechanical abrasion are some of the traditional procedures known to elicit germination.
Seeds made water-permeable by boiling imbibed water, and thus germinated, at a much slower rate than those made water-permeable by mechanical scarification.
Those seeds that did not germinate in spite of scarification had the same amount of respiration as intact non-scarified seeds.
This suggests that seed treatment by ants does not cause scarification on the seed coat.
Mechanical scarification of the endocarp at the proximal end of the seeds increased germination to 83 -94%.
Mechanical scarification is also difficult to carry out on very small seeds such as those of wild okra.
In our study, the facilitation effect represented by gut passage does not consist simply of de-inhibition, but also shows evidence of a strong scarification effect.
Scarification-elicited seed germination requires very careful titration of the physical damage, very much like roasting a marshmallow.
Scarification on the distal end led to delayed radicle emergence through the produced hole in c. 40% of the seeds.
If seeds are water permeable, why would mechanical or acid scarification promote germination?
If this were the case, scarification on the distal end would also cause the immediate increase in respiration.
Moreover, removal of physical dormancy does not require scarification of the entire seed coat, but only in a weak spot.
Any mechanical scarification that increases ger mination, however, tends to result in decreased viability.
Digestion may have a comparable effect to seed scarification of hard-seeded species, although our data only partially support the idea.
These seeds, like those of many legumes, have a hard seed coat that requires scarification before imbibition and germination can proceed.
Foil-covered plates were unwrapped and exposed to light for a maximum of 5 min during scoring and scarification.
Mechanical scarification promotes germination of a variety of palms, especially where the seed coat is hard.

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