Examples of pupation

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Shaded area next to distribution indicates hypothetical available pupation site volume.
This indicates that even when tree height is accounted for, tree functional type may still influence pupation height.
Eggs are glued to the surface of host seeds and larvae complete development inside a single seed, emerging after pupation as an adult.
In contrast, at the within-tree scale, branch position, aspect and tree shape influenced pupation site choice similarly for both species.
Significant differences were analysed between 1 day of pupation and the others.
Approximately 10% pupation had occurred by 7 days, therefore no further bioassays were made beyond 6 days.
The host larvae were then reared to pupation and kept at the test temperature until emergence of adult wasps.
The container was then nested inside a 2-l rectangular plastic container with heat-sterilized moistened sand at the bottom for pupation.
To facilitate pupation, the leaf disc with the second instar larva was sandwiched between two fresh leaf discs.
A thin layer of moistened vermiculite covered the bottom of the vials and served as a pupation substrate for the emerging parasitoid larvae.
After pupation, pupae were transferred to small cups and checked twice a day for emergence.
There were no significant differences in the rate of pupation between watering stalks daily and doing so every other day.
However, a proportion (16%) of these immature parasitoids either failed to spin a cocoon, or died during pupation.
The time which elapsed between the deposition of the larva and pupation was variable.
All these larvae pupated after a very prolonged development (58 to 73 days) and died during pupation.
This event coincides with the cessation of feeding by the mature larva prior to pupation.
These larvae are placed in individual cages at the laboratory and are observed daily for growth development, parasitism and pupation data.
Unless this is removed and destroyed at appropriate times after oviposition commences in the winter months, larvae will proceed to pupation.
The treatment of larvae for pupation work is discussed later in connection with moth emergence data.
At pupation, leaffolder losses were 97%, 95% and 36% in the ants only, in ants plus other predators, and in the predator-free controls, respectively.

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