| 词汇 | pass-laws |
| 释义 | pass laws noun [ plural ] uk /ˈpɑːs ˌlɔːz/ us /ˈpæs ˌlɔːz/ laws controlling where people can live, work, and travel inside a country, used especially in the past under the system of apartheid(= racial separation) in South Africa: （尤指南非在种族隔离时期推行的）通行证法 Introduced in 1923, the pass laws were designed by the South African government to prevent freedom of movement of non-whites. 通行证法是南非政府于1923年推出的，目的是限制非白人的行动自由。 Critics have described ID cards as the modern equivalent of "pass laws". In the 1950s pass laws were extended to African women as well as men. It was under Botha's leadership that the South African state abolished the pass laws which restricted the movement of Africans in the country. He compares the proposal to introduce ID cards with South Africa's infamous pass laws under apartheid. Rules & laws administrative admiralty anti-bribery anti-regulatory anti-sodomy binding blue law humanitarian law invocation juridical juridically juristic land tenure legislation provision Rafferty's rules the rule of law uncalled uncanonical unenforceable |
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