Examples of orbitofrontal

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What part of the emotional system was already in place before the evolution of the orbitofrontal?
In summary, anxiety in catatonia may be accounted for by alteration in negative emotional processing in medial orbitofrontal cortex and medial pathway in prefrontal cortex.
This pattern implies a global alteration involving both dorsolateral and orbitofrontal prefrontal mechanisms are impaired in this group of individuals.
As connections from the orbitofrontal to premotor cortex are affected, that may account for concurrent occurrence of emotional and motor disturbances in these patients.
Furthermore, the right orbitofrontal cortex shows a higher density of neurons and neuronal connections, which may account for predominance of right hemispheric activation (see below).
As an example, consider the functions of the primate orbitofrontal cortex.
Studies using higher resolution techniques are needed to examine the possible role of localized changes, such as in the orbitofrontal cortex.
A monkey with a lesion to the amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex often falls to the bottom of the hierarchy and withdraws socially.
Participation in social hierarchies seems to involve the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex.
Orbitofrontal neurons were also sensitive to reward preferences, generating more activity for the preferred reward.
In humans, pathology in the orbitofrontal cortex has been described in several psychiatric and neurologic diseases where emotional behavior is affected.
For a complete understanding of the relevant functions of the orbitofrontal cortex, then, we need to answer the following evolutionary questions.
Given the extensive interconnections between the amygdala and orbitofrontal regions one might also expect to see alterations in the ventral frontal regions as well.
Since we observed alterations in both orbitofrontal and parietal cortex, one may assume alterations of such functional, that is, connectional inhibition in catatonia as well.
Furthermore, alterations in lateral orbitofrontal cortex are closely associated with compulsive behaviour, for example, in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
What particular developmental processes increased the size of the orbitofrontal and modified projections to and from it?
These bizarre perseverative and compulsive behavioural anomalies may be closely related with dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex.
In addition, it provides very clear anatomical and functional accounts of the orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the peripheral nervous system.
These events influence not only catecholaminergic-driven maturation of the amygdala, but later maturing paralimbic areas in the temporal pole and then orbitofrontal cortices.

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