| 词汇 | midden |
| 释义 | midden noun[ C ] uk /ˈmɪd.ən/ us /ˈmɪd.ən/ a heap(= large pile) of animal waste, or waste material thrown away by human beings in the past: 粪堆;垃圾堆 It was customary for dung and bedding to be rotted for up to a year in a midden before spreading on the land.传统的做法是让粪便和垫料在洞穴中腐烂最多一年，然后再撒到土地上。 The cell stank like a midden and the straw underfoot had lain so long it was a black, oozy mess. The shell middens are prehistoric trash dumps, where the Karankawa tossed oyster and clam shells, broken pottery, bones of their meals and other refuse. So many red deer bones have been found at refuse middens dating from this period it would appear that venison was the prime meat source for about 50,000 years in southern Europe. He rocked the administration two years ago, by revealing it as a steaming midden of lies and duplicity. Rubbish and waste activated sludge anti-litter anti-littering debris dejunk garbage garbage disposal gubbins high-level waste influent litter muck rubbish sewerage shavings skip diving slag spoil tat white elephant Examples of middenmidden We also took flotation samples from middens and other undisturbed contexts. Some degree of mixture with "background noise" of general midden debris probably occurred in concentrations at both structures and is to be expected. Whole vessels interred in ritual contexts, as well as sherds from middens, sherd-lined pits, and house floors, are suggestive of larger changes within society. The sheer quantity of dung might be staggering in urban areas in an era dominated by horse transport, cowsheds, minor piggeries, middens and cesspits. Domestic debris is associated with architectural remains and is also found in sheet midden deposits that extend across the entire island. Beneath the flagstone pavement, another midden was encountered. Statuette fragments are always found on the household middens of this period, so their usage was apparently not restricted to votive offerings or funerary rituals. For cryptic species, such as dik-dik and klipspringer, dung middens in well-characterized territories along sampling transects were marked and routinely checked for fresh fecal samples. These areas were test-pitted rather than horizontally excavated, so our evidence includes not structure contents but, rather, midden material associated with the group. Unlike shell beads, there is little evidence of tinklers in midden and construction-fill deposits. Due to behavior patterns of refuse discard, household middens are commonly considered as representing total household activities, primarily because of proximity. Finally, interspersed between the large midden and the paved streets a large number of small and tightly clustered loam buildings were found. Put another way, primary deposits such as floors and uncontaminated rubbish middens are comparatively rare. This contrasts with the absence of marl and charcoal, as well as the non-oily texture, in the midden above the flagstones. The midden below the pavement was very moist and oily, with a tremendous quantity of small charcoal fragments and marl inclusions. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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