| 词汇 | indirect-speech |
| 释义 | indirect speech noun[ U ] language specializeduk /ˌɪn.daɪ.rekt ˈspiːtʃ/ us /ˌɪn.daɪ.rekt ˈspiːtʃ/(UK alsoreported speech); (US alsoindirect discourse) the act of reporting something that was said, but not using exactly the same words间接引语 Compare direct speechspecialized Linguistic terms & linguistic style accentual affricate allophone allophony anaphor contextualize easy read emphatic entailment etymological etymologically inflected language parataxis pathetic fallacy philological philologically polysemy portmanteau word stylistics tautology You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics: Quoting & making references GrammarReported speech Reported speech is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech: direct speech and indirect speech. … Reported speech: reporting and reported clauses Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. The reporting clause includes a verb such as say, tell, ask, reply, shout, usually in the past simple, and the reported clause includes what the original speaker said. … Reported speech: punctuation In direct speech we usually put a comma between the reporting clause and the reported clause. The words of the original speaker are enclosed in inverted commas, either single (‘…’) or double (“…”). If the reported clause comes first, we put the comma inside the inverted commas: … Reported speech: reporting verbs We can use say and tell to report statements in direct speech, but say is more common. We don’t always mention the person being spoken to with say, but if we do mention them, we use a prepositional phrase with to (to me, to Lorna): … Reported speech: direct speech Direct speech is a representation of the actual words someone said. A direct speech report usually has a reporting verb in the past simple. The most common reporting verb is said. The reporting clause may come first or second. … Direct speech: inversion of subject and reporting verb In narratives, especially novels and short stories, when the reporting clause comes second, we often invert the subject (s) and reporting verb (v): … Direct speech: present simple and continuous reporting verbs In informal conversation, we sometimes use the present simple in the reporting clause. This makes the direct speech more vivid and dramatic: … Reported speech: indirect speech Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. In indirect speech, the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command. … Indirect speech: reporting statements Indirect reports of statements consist of a reporting clause and a that-clause. We often omit that, especially in informal situations: … Indirect speech: reporting questions Indirect reports of yes-no questions and questions with or consist of a reporting clause and a reported clause introduced by if or whether. If is more common than whether. The reported clause is in statement form (subject + verb), not question form: … Indirect speech: reporting commands Indirect reports of commands consist of a reporting clause, and a reported clause beginning with a to-infinitive: … Indirect speech: present simple reporting verb We can use the reporting verb in the present simple in indirect speech if the original words are still true or relevant at the time of reporting, or if the report is of something someone often says or repeats: … Indirect speech: past continuous reporting verb In indirect speech, we can use the past continuous form of the reporting verb (usually say or tell). This happens mostly in conversation, when the speaker wants to focus on the content of the report, usually because it is interesting news or important information, or because it is a new topic in the conversation: … Backshift ‘Backshift’ refers to the changes we make to the original verbs in indirect speech because time has passed between the moment of speaking and the time of the report. … Indirect speech: changes to pronouns Changes to personal pronouns in indirect reports depend on whether the person reporting the speech and the person(s) who said the original words are the same or different. … Indirect speech: changes to adverbs and demonstratives We often change demonstratives (this, that) and adverbs of time and place (now, here, today, etc.) because indirect speech happens at a later time than the original speech, and perhaps in a different place. … Indirect speech: typical errors The word order in indirect reports of wh-questions is the same as statement word order (subject + verb), not question word order: … Reported speech: reporting nouns Reporting nouns are nouns such as comment, criticism, remark, statement. We can represent indirect speech with reporting nouns as well as with reporting verbs. These are more common in writing than speaking, and are usually quite formal. (Reported speech is underlined.) … Examples of indirect speechindirect speech Such expressions can have a directive force, and then bear a similarity to indirectspeech acts. The indirectspeech act represents the speaker's real intention and the direct serves as a disguise. And this process was facilitated by the blurry distinction between direct and indirectspeech in this period. Encumbered by the addition of the gif-clause, a complex dependent sentence reveals facts about indirectspeech that a simple dependent sentence cannot. They observe that sentences in free indirectspeech are excluded from their analysis, because they are simply 'backshifted', and not properly 'irrealis'. The cases of free indirectspeech should be treated along with examples like (20) or (21) as instances of mental space embeddings. The second type of indirectspeech acts is those utterances whose interpretations are heavily dependent on the context. Consider the traditional distinction between direct and indirectspeech. The sections on indirectspeech acts, communication, and talk in interaction have no bibliographical details in the book. In my view, this construction is a remnant of earlier days, when the distinction between direct and indirectspeech was still blurred. The men also rely on socially indirectspeech genres, acts, and stances, such as insults, boasts, and other competitive linguistic forms, to create homosociality. On an alleged connection between indirectspeech and the theory of meaning. In direct speech deictics point to the reported speech situation, in indirectspeech they point to the actual speech situation. This pragmatic analysis takes into account the numerous indirectspeech acts found in oral dialogs. That is, although type c can be interpreted as indirectspeech for its use of ñt, its gif-clause stays in the same position as in direct speech. See all examples of indirect speech These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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