| 词汇 | incumbency |
| 释义 | incumbency noun[ C ] uk /ɪnˈkʌm.bən.si/ us /ɪnˈkʌm.bən.si/ the period during which someone has a particular official position: 任期 incumbency (as)During her incumbency (as commissioner), several changes were introduced.她任职／出任专员期间进行了几项改革。 Ruling & governing administration affairs of state ascend ascend the throneidiom bipartisanship government-sponsored governmental governmentally governorate hard Brexitidiom oppressive oppressively oppressiveness overgovern popular sovereignty subjugate subjugation super-government the politburo tinpot Examples of incumbencyincumbency Recall that the logic behind this result is that retrospective, incumbency-oriented voters will punish incumbents for poor economic performances. Though their estimates are not reported here, the model includes an intercept and an incumbency indicator. At the same time, the effect of incumbency on moderation remains strong. Like the effect of state partisan composition, the effect of incumbency has varied since 1920. I have only explored the most notable sources of variation in the national tide: incumbency and candidate spending. Had he done so, his incumbency advantages and great popularity would have assured him re-election. Once the incumbent has identified those members of the selectorate with the highest affinity for her, she finds satisfying the incumbency criterion relatively easy. Similarly, although there is evidence for an incumbency effect,44 it is possible to control for this approximately using notional 1979 results. Candidates can sway citizens' voting decisions by using resources provided by party activists or the resources of incumbency. The effect of incumbency, by contrast, does appear to vary during the 1972-94 period. In short, the state of the economy, coupled with incumbency, was associated with different levels of mobilization of partisans. This is as true for research on the incumbency advantage and incumbent vulnerability as it is for predictions of the outcomes of individual races. Not surprisingly, the average estimate of the effects of state partisan composition and incumbency are positive. A major finding of this article is that candidates with incumbency or resource advantages adopt more moderate policy positions. In all, 35 per cent of winning incumbents (86 of 246) failed to win by a margin greater than the estimated effect of incumbency. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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