| 词汇 | grammar_british-grammar_names-and-titles-addressing-people |
| 释义 | Names and titles: addressing peopleWhen we talk to someone directly, we use names and titles:
When we are talking about people, we use different forms depending on our relationship with them. We use first names only in informal situations:
We use first name + family name (surname) when we are not sure if the person we are talking to knows who we’re talking about:
We use a title (Mr, Mrs, Ms, Dr, Prof) and the surname in more formal situations. We don’t usually use the title alone, or the title and first name (although we sometimes use a job title):
We use Mr/ˈmɪstə(r)/ for men. We do not usually write ‘Mister’ in full. We use Mrs/ˈmɪsɪz/ for married women. Ms/məz/ does not indicate if the person is married or not. Some women take on their husband’s surname and the title Mrs when they get married. Some women prefer to keep their surname and use the title Ms. In formal contexts, we sometimes use Master for boys and Miss for girls. Miss also indicates single status (not married). The use of Miss is becoming less common among younger women, and Master now sounds old-fashioned. Parents and grandparentsWe use mother (usually formal), mum, mam, mummy (less formal) mom (American English) to talk to a mother, and father (usually formal), dad, daddy, papa (less formal) to address a father. For a grandmother we use gran, grandma, nana, nan, and for grandfather we use grandad, grandpa, granpy, gramps, pops:
Terms of endearmentWe use terms of endearment for people we are very close to or to whom we want to show affection or friendship. They include: darling, dear, poppet (usually to a little child), love, luvvie, sweetheart. They may combine with names:
Groups of peopleWe use folks, guys, everyone/everybody, children, boys, lads, girls, ladies, gentlemen to address groups. Some of these are more formal. For example, ladies and gentlemen is more formal than folks or guys. Guys is used more and more for groups of both sexes, not just males:
Very polite terms of addressWe use sir or madam most often in places such as shops or hotels where a service is being given. We use sir and miss to address male and female school teachers (but not teachers in higher education): [in a shop: a shop assistant is addressing a customer]
[in a school classroom: a pupil is addressing the teacher]
Addressing strangersEnglish does not have a standard polite way of addressing strangers. For example, it is very difficult to know how to attract the attention of a stranger. Hello, sorry or excuse me are most likely to be used. Sir! Madam! are not commonly used:
Job titlesWe don’t normally call people by the name of their job or profession. Some jobs or professions which we can use as terms of address are: doctor (medical), driver, nurse, minister, officer, waiter:
We use Dr/ˈdɒktə(r)] for medical doctors and people with a doctorate qualification (PhD). We use a wide range of titles for jobs. Some common ones in business management are: Chief Executive Officer CEO/si: i:əʊ/ Managing Director MD/em ˈdi:/ Financial Director FD/ef di:/ Chief Technical Officer CTO/si: ti: əʊ/ Vice-President VP/vi: ˈpi:/ (especially in the USA) Chair/Chairperson/Chairman/ˈtʃeəmən/ We often use abbreviations:
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