Cleft sentences (It was in June we got married.)

We use cleft sentences, especially in speaking, to connect what is already understood to what is new to the listener. In a cleft sentence, a single message is divided (cleft) into two clauses. This allows us to focus on the new information.

It-cleft sentences

It-clauses are the most common type of cleft clause. The information that comes after it is emphasised for the listener. The clause which follows the it-clause is connected using that and it contains information that is already understood. We often omit that in informal situations when it is the object of the verb:

A:
Sharon’s car got broken into yesterday, did it?

B:
No. It wasNina’s carthat got broken into!

Focus (new information): it was Nina’s car

Understood already (old information): a car got broken into

A:
You’ve met my mother, haven’t you?

B:
No, it wasyour sister (that) I met!

Focus (new information): it was your sister

Understood already (old information): I met someone in your family

Is it August that you are going on holiday?

Focus (new information): the month August?

Understood already (old information): you are going on holiday

When a personal subject is the focus, we can use who instead of that. We often omit who in informal situations when it is the object of the verb:

It was my husband who (or that) you spoke to on the phone. (or It was my husband you spoke to on the phone.)

When a plural subject is the focus, we use a plural verb but It + be remains singular:

It’s the parents who were protesting most.

We can use negative structures in the it-clause:

It wasn’t the Greek student who phoned.

Wh-cleft sentences (What I need is a holiday)

Wh-cleft sentences are most often introduced by what, but we can also use why, where, how, etc. The information in the wh-clause is typically old or understood information, while the information in the following clause is new and in focus:

A:
I don’t know what to cook for them? I don’t know what they like.

B:
Whatthey like issmoked salmon.

Understood already (old information): we are talking about what they like to eat

Focus (new information): they like smoked salmon

A:
This remote control isn’t working.

B:
Whatwe need to do isget new batteries for it.

Understood already (old information): there is something that we need to do to fix the remote control.

Focus (new information): we need to buy new batteries

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