Examples of gigantism

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For the sake of this paper, we view gigantism and stunting as time-specific phenomena and not as ultimate endpoints.
In the studies we reviewed, an increased incidence of both gigantism and host mortality was observed among studies using ten or more miracidia.
Striking growth differences were apparent between these groups with lymnaeids displaying gigantism more often than planorbids.
Based upon mathematical models and empirical evidence, they posited that snails with intermediate life spans (2-3 years) were most likely to show gigantism.
Gigantism and stunting, as the names imply, refer to hosts that are atypically large or small, respectively, when compared to other members of their population or cohort.
Under this hypothesis, gigantism is viewed as a host adaptation that improves host survival beyond the longevity of the parasite.
The cardinal features are abdominal wall defects, macroglossia and gigantism.
A noteworthy outcome was that freshwater snails seemed much more likely to display gigantism than marine snails.
Envisaged in this context, gigantism may be beneficial to host (and hence parasite) viability and enable increased parasite reproduction.
There have been many debates over gigantism in molluscs infected by trematodes, but no universal agreement.
Thus, it appears that gigantism may be as evident in the field as it is in the laboratory for trematode-infected freshwater snails.
Our results clearly do not support such mechanisms of gigantism based solely on reallocation of resources that would otherwise have been allocated to host reproduction.
The implications for our understanding of the phenomenon of gigantism are discussed.
The form of gigantism found in this study is discussed in relation to previous concepts.
These investigators felt that this difference might explain the paucity of field studies demonstrating gigantism.
In studies involving rediae, the frequency of gigantism increases with time (8 % during prepatency, 60 % at patency, 58 % at the end of the experiment).
A major problem with cities is the disease of 'metropolitanism', a type of gigantism that spills over to engulf and regiment the countryside.

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