| 词汇 | extrapyramidal |
| 释义 | extrapyramidal adjective anatomy specialized(alsoextra-pyramidal)uk /ˌek.strə.pɪˈræm.ɪ.dəl/ us /ˌek.strə.pəˈræm.ə.dəl//ˌek.strə.pɪr.əˈm.ɪ.dəl/ relating to nerves that go from the brain to the spine and control functions that someone does not control in a conscious way, such as balance: There were subtle signs of extrapyramidal dysfunction. Significant extrapyramidal side effects have also been observed. Extra-pyramidal disorders are characterized by problems with the basal ganglia, rather than with the pyramidal tract. The most common extrapyramidal symptoms were tremors and dystonia. Extrapyramidal adverse effects are common in patients who take antipsychotic drugs. The condition is marked by a progressive extrapyramidal movement disorder and seizures. The brain & nervous system abducens nerve abducent nerve accessory nerve alexithymia allism grey matter hemispheric hemispherical hindbrain hippocampus neurogenic neurogenically neuroglia neuroglial neurohormonal reticular formation rhinencephalon rhombencephalon right brain right-brained Examples of extrapyramidalextrapyramidal These findings have clinical implications as they point out a potential drawback of using antipsychotic medication dosages that may induce extrapyramidal side effects. Specific causes include colonic inertia with low dopaminergic concentration and outlet obstruction, with spasm of striated muscle as part of the extrapyramidal motor disorder. Calcium-channel antagonists, such as cinnarizine and cyclizine, have vestibular suppressant effects, although both drugs may have extrapyramidal side-effects, and should be used with caution in older patients. Akinesia: a poorly recognized drug-induced extrapyramidal disorder. Extrapyramidal symptoms are common with high potency conventional neuroleptics such as haloperidol and trifluoperazine. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of antipsychotics-induced extrapyramidal symptoms based on receptor occupancy theory incorporating endogenous dopamine release. Other more traditional topics such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome and extrapyramidal syndromes are also expertly covered with enough neuropharmacology to make the relevant pathophysiology comprehensible. Both studies indicate that parts of the basal ganglia, regarded to be important components of the extrapyramidal system, are affected in catatonic schizophrenia. Improvement was independent of effects on positive symptoms and extrapyramidal side-effects. The clinical overlap between the domain of negative symptoms, extrapyramidal, and depressive symptoms has been noted for many years. In the short term, they are less likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects and impair cognitive function. Side effects that are commonly reported with risperidone include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and prolactin elevation. The atypical antipsychotics are more advantageous compared with more conventional neuroleptics because they are less frequently associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Every second respondent criticized the extrapyramidal-motor side effects of the traditional neuroleptics, in particular haloperidol, or stressed their absence as an advantage of clozapine. Patients displaying signs of extrapyramidal side-effects were excluded. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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