| 词汇 | externality |
| 释义 | externality noun uk /ɪkˌstɜːˈnæl.ə.ti/ us /ɪkˌstɝːˈnæl.ə.ti̬/ externalitynoun (EFFECT)[ C ] finance & economics specialized a positive or negative effect for someone else as a result of something that you do: 外部性，对外影响 Economists sometimes underestimate the actual cost of doing business because they don't include externalities like environmental damage from pollution.经济学家有时会低估商业运行的实际成本，因为他们没有把污染造成的环境破坏等外部性计算在内。 Transport creates some positive externalities because it stimulates economic growth and creates jobs. The government has introduced a new charge to cover the externality of carbon emissions. Consumers may be unaware of the negative externalities created by the goods they buy. externalitynoun (BEING OUTSIDE)[ U or C ] social science specialized the quality of being outside something or someone: It is the object's externality that constitutes its very essence as an object that we can perceive. How can we perceive the externality of objective reality in a representation that lacks this property? He discusses the externality of the causes of sensation. From, out and outside al fresco breath door exogenous exterior exteriority extrinsically forth indigenous inside non-indigenous open-air outdoorswoman outdoorsy outer outermost outside outta thence therefrom externality | Business Englishexternality noun[ C,usually plural ] uk /ˌekstɜːˈnæləti/uspluralexternalities ECONOMICS damage caused by a company's activities for which it does not pay, or something positive created by it for which it does not receive payment: Governments, through laws and regulations, attempt to transfer the costs of externalities such as pollution back to the responsible parties. Examples of externalityexternality As industrial production has fallen so have associated negative externalities, leading to reductions in air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Also, research work on appropriate mechanisms for internalization of various externalities tends to focus on internalization design at an aggregate production level. Adding externalities, or other realistic features of the natural capital aggregate, would presumptively complicate the system's dynamics. However, it represents a more realistic scenario for providing correlated local and global environmental externalities from the local perspective. Economically, they are the solutions of a problem for a global planner who wants to provide both global and local stock externalities efficiently. Production of the externality, in turn, is influenced by wage employment opportunities downstream. The impact ranges of environmental stock externalities can be either local or global and the dissipation rates of these stock externalities vary dramatically. Our paper addresses the question of how the pension formula has to be adapted in order to incorporate the externalities in some sense of optimality. These systems have diversity in time because producers must manage externalities that change. Examples of externalities include negative environmental effects such as pollution and the unsustainable depletion of natural resources. Along alternative paths, externality avoidance generates a self-reinforcing incentive that pulls labour away from the externality-producing activity. The sub-game perfect equilibrium extraction paths (and payoffs) of the closed-loop solution incorporate both the stock and strategic externality. Along one set of paths, externalities reinforce incentives to engage in externality-producing activities. The model demonstrates how, in the presence of externalities and feedbacks, payments to upland workers could produce income gains for both upland and lowland households. A simulation is used to study the impact of environmental payments to upland households in exchange for allocating labour away from the externality-producing activity. See all examples of externality These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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