| 词汇 | example_english_vowel |
| 释义 | Examples of vowelThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In other words, vowels become longer when they precede voiced sounds. Combinations of consonants and vowels that form real words or letter names were excluded. The short vowels are represented by diacritics, which are placed either above or below the letter associated with that sound in a word. She observed positive relationships between preschoolers' performance at reading as well as composing yoo'ons, and their performance at associating two syllables sharing their final vowels. Another difference was that the context sensitive vowels and consonant items differed with respect to the constraining context. The height difference is a response to the principle of snterest which favors maximum perceptual differentiation between the stressed vowels. An independently established hierarchy blocks high back vowels from appearing in these forms. Conspicuously absent, even in that very motley picture, are back vowels of any length in the left half of the structure. They were borrowed with short vowels constrained by the prosodic structure and remained as such. Otherwise, there is no reason why such vowels should always have been short. Also, under cyclic stress assignment and stress clash, long vowels can be shortened and destressed, as in pairs like explain+explanation. Their first syllables contain vowels which exhibit the normal historical changes for stressed vowels. The vowels contrast in height and backness/frontness, and the high back and mid back vowels are also both round. The asymmetrical pattern, where high vowels follow nonhigh vowels, is worth additional discussion. His spellings give clear evidence of the variation in his own speech, with raised, unraised and even lowered equivalents of the short front vowels. To adopt such an idea would simplify the teaching of the vowels to learners, since you could absorb these so-called diphthongs into the simple system. They are words that have partial or complete reduplication of consonants and\\or vowels and do not contain any consonant clusters. Target syllables with short vowels represented 42 % of the total number of closed target syllables. If there was no identifiable release burst, the low amplitude cyclic pattern occurring between the stop's preceding and following vowels was measured. There were no differences in high-front, high-back, and mid-back vowels. Superfluous vowels were ignored in this scoring system. Production of full vowels represents feature number (1) but neither (2) nor (3). Very frequently, these little words are attached as clitics to the preceding or following word, which makes them phonetically indistinguishable from epenthetic vowels. Hence, we decided to categorize all instances of extra vowels at the end of a noun as ambiguous. We refer mainly to vowels in monosyllabic words but extend the discussion to disyllabic words later on. We, thus, leave open whether long and short vowels are represented differently at this earliest stage. Target words containing short vowels and /l/ codas were produced as open syllables with diphthongs. The younger talkers tended to produce vowels that showed the length contrast less clearly than the older talkers. The younger talkers do not contrast long and short vowels as clearly as the older talkers do. We will turn next to an investigation of other factors that may help distinguish the vowels. We studied 6 monophthongs and 2 diphthongs: these were the vowels in heed, hid, head, had, hud, herd, hear, and hair. A much simpler and more reliable solution than the unfortunate 'bleating lamb' effect that comes from attempting single-note trills on the vowels! The distribution of groups of hundreds according to the number of vowels, for the calculation where every second letter is left out. An anonymous reviewer points out that the degree of nasalisation on vowels is in fact attested to be contrastive in some languages. Instead, the existence of codas that behave like vowels has to be recorded as such in the theory. As a result of this development, trimoraic vowels only appear before obstruent codas, a telltale distributional fact. Because this compares the relative closeness of the two vowels, it enables us to directly compare values across speakers without the need for normalization. Following all other vowels (the high vowels and diphthongal offglides), a historical final \\r\\ appears as a final schwa. Thus, a common (historical) context for nasal vowels is an adjacent nasal consonant. In candidate (c), the single [jback] specification is linked to both the first and last vowels. In addition, to correspond to analysis of the infants' data, vowels are also grouped into three major categories : front, central, and back. In addition, the co-occurrence of alveolars and front vowels differed markedly between the infants' and caregivers' data. Pitch accents occurred latest when associated with short vowels, typically early in the following consonant. Using the log-likelihood test it is possible to combine some of the linguistically and quantitatively similar vowels to produce the picture in (3). By contrast, inserted vowels that are visible to other phonological patterns (referred to here as epenthetic) tend to have the characteristics in (3). In addition to examining children's spellings of syllabic /r/ and letter-name vowels in isolation, we examined the relationships between the two patterns. All [version] vowels and all person number markers are dropped. Corresponding tense vowels 0 i:, e:, a:, u:0 averaged 134, 147, 184, and 142 ms, respectively. Phonologisation is not an inevitable fate for intrusive vowels, nor does it happen automatically upon their reaching some threshold of phonetic duration. Finally, vowels produced by women, being longer and more diphthongal, obtained higher goodness ratings than vowels spoken by men, regardless of speaker or listener dialect. He does cite 16th-century grammarians, however, who even then treat orthographic geminate vowels in many forms as bisyllabic. Both initiator and imitator accumulate the frequencies of uses and of successes of each of their vowels. Is it possible that lexical factors are involved in this phonetically gradual development of the nasal vowels? Within pronunciational distances we distinguish between consonants and vowels on the one hand, and between substitutions and insertions/ deletions on the other hand. The average values for the different vowels which were determined using the database were then transferred to digital maps. They therefore will be acceptable prosodic words in compounds, because their only related counterparts, the prefixed nouns, also have short vowels. If they were considered regular nuclear vowels, incorrect results would obtain. Assuming that vowels unspecified for backness in the output are interpreted as front, the optimal output, (c) is correct. In the translation-elicitation task, we predicted that participants would translate nouns with umlauted vowels and/or esszets less accurately than other nouns. Assimilation of palatalization has not decreased, nor has variation in pretonic vowels. The findings consistently revealed sensitivity to the location of identical consonants across various word positions and despite intermediate vowels and affixes. The situation is complicated by the differing directionality requirement in minor phrases with long vowels vs. those lacking long vowels. He found no transposition of consonants or vowels, and concluded : 'in the whistled language the absence of the segmental features gives opportunity for ambiguities'. An additional co-occurrence trend between coronal fricatives and affricates and back vowels was unexpected. The symbols "0" and " " above the lines stand for rising and falling pitch contours, respectively; they are realized on the vowels above which they appear. What is different is that the relative frequency of the variants is inverted for all but the low vowels. Historically, the central vowels were allophonic variants of front vowels, but subsequent developments have rendered the difference contrastive, so retraction is neutralising. Productions of vowels in the most prominent prosodic positions require more articulatory effort than those in less prominent positions in an utterance. The measurements therefore represented tokens of vowels in environments with a range of surrounding obstruents (stops and fricatives) rather than sonorants. From a production stance, the greater melodic complexity of diphthongs may make them less resistant to the syllable reduction processes that apply to long vowels. Importantly, this morphophonological process produces exceptions to an otherwise general constraint in the language that prohibits tense vowels in closed syllables. Note that the attraction of stress to closed syllables parallels the pattern seen with long vowels. Of the remaining letters, the vowels are all shared characters with comparable pronunciation. As the examples in (25) show, nasalized vowels must be preceded by an onset consonant at the beginning of words. Deletion is blocked in (9b) because the output would be made up of onsetless vowels in violation of minimality. In the case of intervocalic glottalisation, a sonorant consonant may intervene between the vowels and the stop. Furthermore, the restriction on consonant-identity is not entirely blind to intervening vowels. Devoicing and deletion of vowels factor into the discussion of syllabic and moraic structure. Adjacent vowels are syllabified as two syllables, rather than as a single diphthongal syllable. One such process lowers vowels next to pharyngeal consonants (61a). Note that there were particularly few false attempts at vowels and no false attempts at any other sounds. In particular, more sonorous vowels are constrained from appearing in stressless positions, and less sonorous vowels are constrained from appearing in stressed positions. Numerous researchers have identified the high vowels and diphthongs as eliciting an inserted or augmented homorganic glide in prevocalic (sandhi) positions. Low vowels have no instances of [closed], mid vowels have one instance and high vowels have two. A second generalisation is that ' low vowels always occur long ' (1975 : 16). As noted earlier, long vowels are found only in the stressed syllable. Which vowels are considered high or nonhigh for purposes of pitch-contour implementation is a phonological decision in the dissimilative dialects. Phonologically, there may be patterns to demonstrate that certain sets of vowels form classes with certain other vowels. There are no back vowels : the laryngeal articulator model. All of these constraints refer to classes or subclasses of consonants and vowels, rather than specific (single) consonants or vowels. Again, it does not matter what vowels occur earlier in the stem. What is it about (1) that makes it not require all spirants to be [back] after [back] vowels, as opposed to just placeless spirants ? In the frequency domain, there is a double separation of vowels and consonants. Additional principles are needed to overcome the markedness constraint against closed syllables with tense vowels. Truncated words with stressed epenthetic vowels are used to claim that an additional co-phonology is required. As free-standing nouns, these words have long vowels, as we have shown above. Why should the examples in (7) have long vowels when, like those in (5) which have short vowels, they have closed syllables ? However, it is a predictable outcome, if there is indeed a nasal consonant in the underlying representation of nasal vowels. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。