| 词汇 | example_english_voiceless |
| 释义 | Examples of voicelessThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. I could not use the word though; its power caught in the back of my throat and held me, voiceless. However, the first two processes may precede the last, leading to an epenthetic voiceless stop. Rhyming partners need not be as obviously alike as voiced and voiceless pairs of consonants. The same speaker may have realized this sometimes as voiced, sometimes as voiceless. Moreover, experts agree that vowels before voiced segments are longer than before voiceless segments. Two-thirds of their data is ignored because the fricatives and voiceless stops did not give significant results. What is excluded from this typology is the logically possible but unattested case of a language with no voiceless obstruents. Voicing of affricates was also free to vary such that voiced and\\or voiceless affricates were counted equivalently. With respect to coda segments, children produced voiceless obstruents as codas before sonorants supporting generally the claim that obstruents emerge before sonorants in coda position. However, whereas 19% of voiceless stops were produced correctly, only 2% of the voiced stops were produced correctly. What does this voiceless song of silent opera ask of us? Opera may even reveal silent film not to be voiceless at all. Laterals and voiceless obstruents behave similarly, with relative frequencies of 16% and 15%, respectively; both of them show a neutral influence on 0ay0 centralization. Table 10 gives the mean percentages of targetlike, devoiced, and wrongly voiced responses for the eight voiced and voiceless targets, collapsed across tasks and subjects. Our last phonological argument comes from neutralisation, which produces voiceless aspirates in a wide range of languages, some of which are given in (7). All test words are given in their orthographic form since what is at issue is whether the stops are voiced, aspirated, or voiceless and unaspirated. In such cases, stops are normally realised as voiceless. Conversely, target voiceless obstruents were produced incorrectly as voiced in onsets, but were produced correctly in codas. Not expected, however, is that onsets contribute to syllable weight - and that voiceless onsets attract stress over voiced onsets. We use capital letters to indicate vowels before voiced coda consonants and lower case letters to indicate vowels before voiceless coda consonants. In a nine-minute conversational sample he found 206 words ending in voiceless plosives, of which 61 occurred in turn-final position and 145 in turn-medial position. The optimal candidate for an input cluster as in (6) with a voiceless stop followed by a voiced stop has an identical voiceless-voiced cluster. In contrast, after voiceless stops, no comparable improvements in perceptual similarity are gained by vowel insertion. Perceiving final voiceless stops without release : effects of preceding monophthongs versus nonmonophthongs. The average duration of a voiceless stop is more than twice as great as that of a voiced stop. Rather, the constraint seems to be one that bars unaspirated voiceless stops in foot-initial position, as in (40). In general, both voiced and voiceless obstruents favor glide absence; where this is not the case, the pattern is erratic. Each extra syllable beyond 1 shortens the vowel nucleus by 35 msec, and vowels before voiceless stops are expected to be shorter by 24 msec. Relative intensity of voiceless stop allophones also meets expectations. The contrast in diphthongization, then, must surely be playing a perceptual role in demarcating the identity of voiceless fleece. Thus, voiceless fleece diphthongizes most vigorously, because all three dimensions are under pressure. Possibly here represents /x/ restored by analogy to names in which it was preserved before a voiceless consonant. Nearly all speakers have voiced dress longer than voiceless fleece, and for a nontrivial number of speakers, voiceless dress is also longer. In sum, target voiceless obstruents in codas never overgeneralized to become voiced, and target voiced obstruents in onsets never overgeneralized to become voiceless. The fact that we find more voiceless velars than alveolars also has a phonetic explanation. There seems to be no ready phonetic explanation for the reinterpretation of 0ay0 as [a:] in pre-voiceless position. 18. The observation in (1) suggests that voiceless obstruent stops are always among the neutral segments. In contrast, the results for stop aspiration duration suggest that the different voiceless stop allophones (aspirated versus unaspirated) are acquired with syllable structure. Each of these features is used to characterise other sounds as well ; in particular, [spread glottis] characterises voiceless aspirated stops and [+voiced] ordinary voiced stops. First, ' voiced ' symbols are used for the unaspirated stops and affricates while ' plain voiceless ' symbols are used for voiceless aspirated stops and affricates. Voiced consonants in this position may therefore be assumed to be more 'costly' than their voiceless cognates. Following voiceless fricatives and nasals, voiced obstruents (stops fricatives) and the liquid \\r\\ were the next codas acquired. In codas, voiced stops occur after non-low vowels, voiceless stops after low vowels. The diphthongization of fleece is most advanced in tokens that are followed by voiceless codas. Therefore, it would seem that other acoustic cues are necessary to signal the presence of an initial voiceless geminate. Schematically, this difference between singleton and geminate voiceless stops can be represented as in (1). The analysis shows that the earliest and most commonly occurring manner class in children's coda inventories was voiceless stops. On the other hand, she uses glottal closure invariably before final voiceless plosives. All stops are underlyingly voiceless, but differ in their degree of aspiration and glottal tension. The contrast between voiced and voiceless fricatives and plosives is neutralized in final position. Both of the successive bilingual children acquired voiced plosives before their voiceless counterparts. The few contrasts between voiced and voiceless s here seem to exist simply to distinguish meanings in the spoken language. Voiced obstruents were either substituted by voiceless obstruents or were deleted. Perceiving final voiceless stops without release: effects of preceding monophthongs versus nonmonophthongs. Alternatively, if subglottal pressure is compensatorily raised in the context of breathy and\\or voiceless phonation, a pitch rise may be the diachronic result. Then, strictly speaking, the voicing rule would only be needed for the small number of vowel-final nouns whose stem ends in a voiceless consonant. Where the singular stem ends in a voiced consonant, the plural stem ends in the voiceless equivalent. The best coda (a glide) followed by the best onset (a voiceless stop onset) will form the most harmonic relation. We would expect voiceless stops, intervocalic voiced stops and voiceless fricatives to be non-blockers. However, a language with contrasting voiced-voiceless stops and contrasting nasal-oral syllables is possible. The results confirm the observation that final vowel insertion is more frequent after a voiced stop than after a voiceless stop. One could argue that general final devoicing causes a pronunciation with two voiceless consonants : [fkk'd] or [jbsd]. The constraint hierarchy as it stands wrongly predicts that *xadoon should be the winner over the voiceless form, xatoon. Most seriously, the basic forms of the voicing mutations, namely the voiceless stops, would be derivable from featural affixation. Adjacent obstruents in syllableinitial position in both language are both voiceless. Selective phonological impairment 177 voiceless coronal [s] seems to be the real challenge for the patient. Other phonetic changes associated with weak syllables include unaspirated voiceless consonants being fully voiced, and vowels being centralized. Djebar brings up an additional dilemma in these sections: how to speak on behalf of others without rendering them even more voiceless. The chorus support the voiceless puppets and masks as symbols by complementing their social meaning through verbal communication between the performers and the audience. To sum up then, there are four dependent variables that reflect, albeit to different degrees and with differing robustness, the surface manifestation of voiceless stops. They noted that glide reduction is more likely to occur when (ay) occurs word-finally or before voiced consonants than before voiceless consonants. Occurrences of entirely monophthongal 0ay0 in voiceless environments are rare. The voicing contrast for consonants was examined, but since the difference was not statistically significant, voiced and voiceless consonantal contexts were collapsed into one category. The distinctiveness of voiceless fleece, then, is not well protected by its length. The primary driver of our effect is the reaction of fleece before voiceless consonants diphthongizing to avoid overlap with dress before voiced consonants. We have seen that stops followed by an approximant have a prolonged friction interval, and this is especially visible in the voiceless stop. In the case of the stop fricative sequences, we have seen that devoiced items are not equal to voiceless items. First, there are coarticulation effects in that vowels in voiceless environments are higher in fundamental frequency than vowels in voiced environments. Here the environment is the vowel following a voiceless obstruent. Just so, then, with cease and seize, which both conclude with alveolar fricatives, cease's being voiceless and seize's being voiced. The chart ends with eight pairs of voiced and voiceless sounds. The variability of the results obtained for this context contrasts with the uniformity found before a pause and before a voiceless consonant. In the following phonological category, the greatest percentage of raised tokens is with voiceless obstruents, at 21%. They demonstrated a mixed pattern that comprised raising before voiceless final consonants and frequent but variable raising elsewhere. Conversely, in both languages, vocal-fold vibration generally extends for a few pitch periods from a vowel into the closure of a final voiceless consonant. In any case, even if it were correctly assumed to be voiced, it would neutralize to voiceless in coda position. 13. The first row compares voiceless sonorants with the full class of aspirates. Terminal decreases in fundamental frequency and increases in final voiceless consonants may result from a combination of reduced respiratory drive and reduced vocal fold tension. Pre-voicing is usually followed by a short voiceless interval or lag after stop release. There are certainly some exceptions to this 'rule': exogamy and exogenous have a voiceless x, even though the stress is on the second syllable. Because (disyllabic) verbs are more often ®nally stressed than nouns and adjectives, the former tend to accommodate voiced and the latter voiceless obstruents. Other voiceless fricatives are also absent medially between voiced sounds; instead, we ®nd the corresponding voiced fricative. However, the disharmonic cases and their harmonic counterparts do all surface in other environments: after a voiceless obstruent, after a liquid, after a nasal. Our present-day forms of and off come from a single earlier form that has now divided into voiced of (preposition) and voiceless off (adverb). Consonantal place of articulation is signalled acoustically by formant characteristics of neighbouring vowels, even when the consonant itself is voiceless. If it could be shown that the nonstop sentences comprised primarily voiceless fricatives, this possibility might have some merit. We found that speakers consistently have only voiceless (obstruent) stops in word-medial clusters. The authors next report that the acoustic difference between final devoiced and voiceless consonants lies in the length of the preceding vowel. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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