| 词汇 | example_english_viral |
| 释义 | Examples of viralThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The so-called immune boosting probably reflected an immune response to greater viral antigen load but did not represent constructive immune enhancement. We systematically evaluated different centrifugation parameters to minimize the time required for maximal concentration while preserving viral infectivity. Physical methods to concentrate viral supernatants have been pursued with mixed results. Mutations can be introduced during replication by the viral proteins or also by the mutagenic processes of transfection and viral infection. Therefore, it would be advantageous for the virus to set the stage for each successive step necessary for viral progeny formation. Most viral systems lack the stable inheritance of transposable elements that would be needed for deployment in nature. In only four cases was a viral association demonstrated. Instead, they represented gross calcification of the mitral valve, and of the papillary muscles, as a consequence of viral myocarditis. All these effects - hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines and coagulation - are important participants in the pathogenesis of fulminant viral hepatitis (fig004glt). The molecular basis for receptorbinding specificity and the role this plays in viral tropism and host range is not as clear-cut as is often portrayed. The genome is encased in an icosahedral protein shell along with viral enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase) and a matrix protein. Over the past two decades, infection by several viral and bacterial pathogens has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. One vector system has been developed from the early adenoviral vectors that should reduce the adverse effects because all viral genes have been eliminated. The aetiology is unknown but suggested causes are bacterial, viral or parasitic infection, vitamin deficiency or food toxins. Viral-based vector gene therapy takes advantage of the natural ability of viruses to infect cells and have their genes expressed by the host cells. On the topic of vaccines and anti-virals, it is indeed true that there are concerns. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English All 31 cases provided acute sera, 19 provided convalescent sera and 14 had viral throat/nose swabs taken. Identification of interferon gamma, the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and anti-viral activity. Viral agents of gastroenteritis can be excreted in low numbers, and electron microscopy may not be a sufficiently sensitive detection technique. Clearly then, in bats the subtle timing of viral dissemination must differ from the classical carnivore story. The viral genomic sequences are related, but are very diverse, reflecting their geographic isolation. The viral titres were averaged for all mice tested. The assumption that the epidemic processes have ended before the end of the experiment may be justified for viral infections with relatively fast transmission dynamics. Standard culture techniques detected bacterial, viral and parasitic enteropathogens in 1714 (60 %) diarrhoeal children, which included mixed pathogens in 257 (9 %) patients. The cases of jaundice detected during the survey were examined\\interviewed by senior physicians for epidemiological information and risk factors of viral hepatitis. However, nearly half of the patients have distinctive morphological changes designated as cholestatic viral hepatitis. As a consequence, viral populations are heterogeneous and dynamic structures composed by ensembles of different genomes evolving in response to environmental alterations. The hotel's water supply was monitored daily for residual chlorine and faecal coliforms, and samples were collected periodically for bacterial and viral testing. Cryptosporidial infections are now considered as one of the most common non-viral and non-bacterial causes of diarrhoea in humans and livestock [4]. Taken together, these findings indicate that infections with helminths can increase the severity of viral infections. Table 2 presents the time-lag correlations between viral seroprevalence and survival rates. In addition, the duration of the immune response in the absence of viral challenge is not known in donkeys. The production of viral aerosols and airborne transmission following vomiting have been suggested [15-17]. The monomer consists of a central eight-stranded antiparallel barrel that is topologically similar to other viral capsid proteins. Scaffolding proteins and their role in viral assembly. Each log-unit increase in baseline viral load was associated with almost 15 times the risk of mortality. Concluding the transaction, the lymphocytes memorise this viral genetic code and store it in their database, in case of eventual need in the future. Subtypes may also have different sensitivity to anti-retroviral therapy [8] and are known to have differential quantitation in some viral load assays [9]. Ten of these samples analysed for viral enteropathogens tested negative. We also recognize that viral infections and maternal stress must account for only a portion of the cases of schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, the viral antigens used are not usually associated with cancer and their effects are pleiotrophic. However, some high-affinity antibodies exhibit rather limited neutralisation potency and inhibit infection only at very high concentrations relative to their affinity for viral antigens. The most attractive way to prevent recurrent disease would be to prevent viral reactivation. Nonviral vector systems have low transfection efficiencies, and most of the viral systems have the problems of poor tumour targeting, immunogenicity and low transduction efficiencies. Reactivation in both tissue culture and explant systems leads to the rapid spread of viral infection throughout the culture or explanted ganglion. Without acyclovir there is unrestricted viral replication, which results in the death of all the cells in the cultures. Table 3 summarises several published studies that have utilised plasmid- and viral-mediated gene therapy to treat peripheral neuropathies. Although symptomatic recurrences are greatly reduced with suppressive therapy, there remains a potential problem of asymptomatic viral shedding. The biology of viral latency and the viral and host determinants of reactivation h a v e still to be definitively identified. The first step of my research is to create viruses lacking functional integrase genes to determine if the gene is necessary for viral replication. Treatment with interferon in combination with ribavirin for 6-12 months can result in viral clearance in approximately 50 % of patients [10, 11]. However, differences in the relative importance of pathogens can be expected year by year, especially by fluctuation of viral outbreaks. Their interests ranged from modeling neural function to viral replication. However, in neurons, which are not renewable, such a mechanism for viral clearance would be counterproductive. Mortality caused by blood-transmitted viral infections is even lower, on the order of one in several million blood units. Our study describes for a first time the presence of viruslike particles and the changes that occurred because of viral infection of embryos. We have mentioned already that various psychological mechanisms may account for the possible increased presence of depression and fatigue in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. However, structural studies on virus capsids and coat proteins propose that there are only a limited number of ways to construct a viral protein coat. A viral particle shell or capsid is composed of many building blocks, each of which may consist of several identical or different protein monomers. Retroviral infection of whole embryos is more efficient than of cultured neural tubes presumably because the viral particles can easily infect neighboring cells. The serine protease inhibitor canonical loop conformation : examples found in extracellular hydrolases, toxins, cytokines and viral proteins. About 50-80 % of pneumococcal pneumonia is thought to be associated with prior occurrence of some form of viral respiratory illness [36]. One month after extubarion, a sudden worsening of the respiratory function due to acute viral bronchiolitis again required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Sudden onset of acute rotation vertigo lasting several days with gradual resolution would suggest a labyrinthitis of viral or vascular aetiology. At least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. Conversely, non-synonymous changes were correlated with the host species of origin of the viral isolate. Furthermore, all of the seven samples had no detectable viral load, indicating that the amont of virus present was below 400 copies/ml. Responses elicited by worms can modulate immune reactions to other parasites, bacterial, viral infections and several unrelated diseases. Viral vectors have proved to be the best candidates for vaccination in different diseases. In the absence of immunization programmes for parasites, we must turn here to the experience with viral and bacterial vaccines. Numerous options are being investigated and include viral and bacterial vectors, new generation adjuvants and antigen production in food plants. Molecules produced as a result of viral replication include those that attract inflammatory cells and induce the production of angiogenic factors. The amplified viral progeny can then spread through the tumour and theoretically destroy all cancer cells. Delivery vectors that have been developed to date can be classified into two groups - nonviral and viral - with each vector having potential advantages and disadvantages. The increased capacity of these vectors, which contain no viral coding sequences, makes them suitable for gene transfer of full-length dystrophin. Another possible explanation related to viral infections is medication used for the treatment of said infections. The list of disorders which can mimic rheumatic polyarthritis is very long and includes most prominently juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, post viral arthritis, and systemic lupus. Depending on the species, nematodes can cause or transmit diseases, be they viral or otherwise. Through improved viral vectors and by enhancing nonviral-based delivery systems, research aims at improving gene therapy by increasing efficiency of gene delivery. Fitting our results to the stochastic model indicates that 23% of the viral transgenes initially entering the cell become stable for the long term. Staining with trypan blue revealed an increased number of stained (dead) cells in wells with 1:4 viral dilution. Consequence of viral infection on the embryo viability may depend also on the inoculum titres of virus. Thus, although not infected by the virus, neurons may be affected by viral proteins and other factors released from infected microglia. Ab-initio phasing from fairly simple envelope models has been used for phasing viral particles. The binomial probability density function describing the percentage of photoreceptors expressing the viral transgene long term. The possibility exists that bats might act as ' asymptomatic viral carriers ' resulting in a non-clinical infection. Rabies virus replication in primary murine bone marrow macrophages and in human and murine macrophage-like cell lines : implication for viral persistence. The fusion process allows release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm, whereupon it migrates to the nucleus - the site of viral transcription and replication. The standard diagnostic test is the direct fluorescent antibody test for detection of viral antigen in fresh brain tissue [28]. Viral persistence in flies that feed on rabbit carcasses could provide an alternative mechanism for viral persistence in an ecosystem between consecutive epidemics. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. Strong constitutive viral promoters have been used (and work successfully) in vitro in mammalian expression vectors where there are no inflammatory cytokines present. Ten samples were submitted for viral analysis, including norovirus. Our experiments indicate that the immune system downregulates expression form several promoters, including viral, housekeeping and cell type-specific promoters. Following acute liver injury, the clinical manifestations and outcome of viral hepatitis are actually determined by the host immune response. Studies with replication-competent viruses, however, have indicated that viral replication is required for the efficient establishment of latency. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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