| 词汇 | example_english_vertebrate |
| 释义 | Examples of vertebrateThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. However, in rodents and other vertebrates, postnatal cell loss may be more significant. In vertebrates, there are two groups of cells that show a remarkable capacity for migration- the neural crest cells and the nerve cells. To what extent is the signal in the chick the same as in other vertebrates? Thus, alterations in different genes have distinct effects on the pallium, which may help to explain the different models found in vertebrates. Remarkably, the primary dispersal is by vertebrates, in whose guts the caruncles are not destroyed. In particular, we have examined mammals and birds, two groups of vertebrates separated by over 300 million years of evolutionary divergence. Exceptions there are, notably with the echinoderms and some vertebrates, but these are rather brief and the great wealth of palaeontological data is largely overlooked. If you happen to need detailed information about fossil track sites, particularly those of large vertebrates, then this is an extremely useful and insightful compilation. They are comparable to the fixed histocytes of vertebrates and as the nematode body fluid flows by them, they may purify it. One of the most prominent consequences of toxicant - trematode interactions in vertebrates is an increase in the occurrence of cancerous tumours. Do lower vertebrates have a subset of blood coagulation factors ? The fences were highly effective at excluding rabbits but larger vertebrates, for example roe and muntjac deer, occasionally jumped over them. The first sequence produces the id and coincides with the evolution of the vertebrates. Studies on plants, invertebrates, lower vertebrates, mammals and humans at the molecular and cellular levels will be accepted. Studies on plants, invertebrates, lower vertebrates, mammals and humans at the molecular and cellular levels are accepted, leading to a unique multidisciplinary publication. The intermediate filaments, as a general class of structures, are not cellular entities confined to the vertebrates : they are also found widely in invertebrates. I begin with the so-called lower vertebrates - the classes that evolved earlier and seem generally less complex - fishes, amphibians and reptiles. Although preliminary, our results are intriguing in the light of the crucial position of lancelets in the evolutionary pathway from invertebrates to vertebrates. The increased susceptibility of larval parasites and their invertebrate hosts compared to vertebrates may make them more sensitive bioindicators of pollution. Thus, protostomes (including nematodes and flies) and deuterostomes (including all vertebrates) utilize two unrelated families of gap junction genes, innexins and connexins, respectively. Pannexins, a second family of gap junction proteins in vertebrates, have sequence homology with the invertebrate innexins. Small vertebrates were studied by catches on test lines. The comparative analysis is useful in this instance because it suggests an alternative substance that vertebrates could have used to construct their skeletal systems. Along with all terrestrial vertebrates, we need to be able to breathe. The thalamopallial (thalamocortical) circuitry reaches its apogee in mammals, but components are present in all vertebrates, with birds apparently having the most mammal-like circuitry. Because the thalamus interacts so extensively with the telencephalon, pallial development across vertebrates is of crucial relevance for understanding it. However, few studies have quantified the effects of specific litter-disturbing vertebrates on living seedlings. Seeds with long germination times could pass through successive periods of exposure and burial as chowchillas and other vertebrates repeatedly visited an area. We recorded the presence and mass of all vertebrates, as well as the fresh mass of aboveground vegetation. Their diet includes fruits, seeds, fungi, invertebrates and small vertebrates and their eggs. Predators of vertebrates are absent and densities of pollinators and seed dispersers are substantially reduced in comparison to the nearby mainland. When fruit was less abundant vertebrates took more seeds from scats, and when fruit was more abundant they took less. The diaspores were distributed under fruiting plants of the same species to simulate natural conditions under which they are found by ants and vertebrates. The c-mos proto-oncogene product is a cytostatic factor responsible for meiotic arrest in vertebrates eggs. Studies on plants, invertebrates, lower vertebrates, mammals and humans at the molecular and cellular levels will be accepted, leading to a unique multidisciplinary publication. In most respects the fish eye is very similar to that of other vertebrates, including humans. The coordination of movements and directions acting reciprocally with perception is not only applicable to vertebrates. Infestation-based discrimination among seeds is of great potential relevance for the population dynamics of the plants and the insects, as well as the vertebrates, involved. The sites occupied by some parasitic helminths in the alimentary tract of vertebrates. Superimposed on this are the physical, behavioural and immunological characteristics of vertebrates which determine the differential distribution of ticks amongst their host species. Terrestrial vertebrates p romote a rbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and inoculum potential in a rainforest soil. In search of relationships linking form to cognitive function, we have performed structural analyses of brain anatomy in a wide range of vertebrates. The construction of artefacts is equally common among vertebrates. Are the figs always keystone resources for tropical frugivorous vertebrates? On a larger scale, symmetry is a feature of the overall body plans of many organisms, from microscopic foraminifera to large vertebrates. However, dinosaurs are not the only vertebrates to have been recovered from these famous localities. Alphaviruses are infectious to humans and other vertebrates and are thus broadly recognized as inappropriate for use in an insect intended for environmental release. Because vertebrates have no such reproduction, on the other hand, the evolutionary theory predicts that all vertebrates should exhibit ageing. By analogy, introduced vertebrates, such as the weka, cat, rabbit, rat and mouse have all been extirpated, or recommended for it, for the same reason. In vertebrates, acquired immunity typically provides anti-disease resistance, often by reducing the rate of in-host replication of the parasite. Sites occupied by some parasitic helminths in the alimentary tract of vertebrates. The fish appear to act by storing the parasites and transporting them to their final hosts, fisheating aquatic vertebrates. Other vertebrates may have consumed categories 2 and 3, but the main consumers were birds and primates, and birds, primates and bats, respectively. More specifically, there is some evidence for selective preferences for particular sugars in frugivorous vertebrates. In sum, it is unclear whether sugar concentrations are important in defining either fruit consumption by vertebrates or seed dispersal guilds. We assume that removal of diaspores by vertebrates is equal to predation. Endothermous vertebrates are less affected by low temperatures although some granivorous birds migrate to warmer areas during winter. We suggest that, in general, larger seeds and seedlings may be less susceptible to the effects of litterdisturbing vertebrates as well. Logging, seed dispersal by vertebrates, and natural regeneration of tropical timber trees. Small seeds experience less predation and are more likely to become buried, which itself offers significant protection from predation by vertebrates. Each trap was placed in a wire gauze sleeve (mesh diameter = 2 cm) for ease of handling and to prevent disturbance by vertebrates. The high density we observed was unprecedented among all non-aggregated vertebrates. In the absence of primary seed dispersers (vertebrates), the importance of invertebrates such as ants, that can carry or clean seeds, probably increases. Since the early studies, and with the advent of visual pigment microspectrophotometry in the 1970s, the visual pigments of many different vertebrates have been examined. The amplitude transfer functions of the outer retinal neurons varied with light adaptation in qualitative agreement with results for other vertebrates and human vision. Not all of the crucial features identified for mammalian thalamocortical circuitry are present in other vertebrates, but birds share the most features identified to date. By contrast, their preglomerular-pallial circuitry might function similarly to the thalamopallial systems of other vertebrates. Notably the physiology of microorganisms was conceived of in very similar terms as the embryology of vertebrates. Parasites of vertebrates have to contend with the acquired immune response, an adaptive, dynamic and potentially deadly host defence. Viruses in the other three genera are typical arboviruses capable of replicating alternately in vertebrates and arthropods. However, in the less productive lower rainfall sites, clay soils supported fewer vertebrates than the even more impoverished sand and loam soils. Among the few vertebrates that were consistently able t o p ersist on small i slands was the red howler monkey (hereafter, simply howlers). More space and energy is, therefore, taken up by axons in cephalopods as compared to jawed vertebrates. Comparative sequence analysis of the domain in seven vertebrates determined evolutionary conserved regions common to particular sub-groups and to all vertebrates. Selection and deletion, supposed to balance the transposition pressure, appear to be radically different in vertebrates and insects. We then discuss the implications of these results for isochore evolution in vertebrates. Such discourses also tend to confuse the origin of vertebrates (or more properly craniates) with the origin of chordates. Phylogenetic analyses showed that olfactomedin evolved from an early ancestral gene before the origin of the vertebrates. Several vertebrates occur sporadically during the summer months. In lower vertebrates cellular immune responses under the combined stress of parasite and pollutant have demonstrated some interesting results. Similar trematode-toxicant interactions may also be associated with the induction of cancers in lower vertebrates. Among hosts, marine vertebrates tend to be large, extremely vagile and gregarious, with generalized broad diets. Although not phylogenetically close to flatworms, nematodes include many taxa that, like trematodes, are parasitic in vertebrates. The dominant recurring theme evident in diversification of helminth faunas among marine vertebrates including fishes, mammals, chelonians and birds has been colonization. The ability of a limited number of ectothermal vertebrates and a substantial number of invertebrates to survive long bouts of continuous anoxia is very impressive. The brain of most vertebrates consumes a high intrinsic rate of oxygen and as a result the brain is generally the first organ to fail. Thus, in vertebrates with the acquisition of connexins for gap junction function, pannexins were retained solely for the nonjunctional role. The persistence of radial glia during adulthood is conserved in vertebrates. In contrast, very little information is available on the ascending reticular activating system in non-mammalian vertebrates. According to indirect evidence from literature and our own observations, potential removers of litter include both invertebrates and vertebrates. Attributes of invaders and the invading processes: vertebrates. Complications in interpreting the chemical defences of trees against tropical arboreal plant eating vertebrates. By removing seeds, vertebrates changed the characteristics of the scats. A total of 20% of all seeds died as a result of beetle infestation when p rotected from predation by vertebrates. In each habitat, we censused all small, non-volant, non-fossorial vertebrates. On a daily basis, 0.39 x 105 seeds destroyed in advance by invertebrates (mostly agaonid wasps), are eaten by vertebrates. Unfortunately, removal of fruits by these arboreal vertebrates is hard to quantify and appears to vary more from tree to tree. Constraints on reproduction by flying vertebrates: energy and calcium. The gut contents of all vertebrates, including tadpoles, were removed and preserved in formalin for identification. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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