| 词汇 | example_english_unpaid |
| 释义 | Examples of unpaidThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Such predominance of women in this sector means that, in effect, paid formal care is far more gender skewed than unpaid informal care. The unpaid category consists of individuals in household work, people who are unemployed, students, beggars, elderly and retired people. Prices of informal care were based on shadow prices for unpaid work (meaning a standardized cost price based on general hourly wages). Nurses are often resentful of this additional and unpaid demand on their time. Most start by understating the problem of remuneration, some going as far as volunteering for unpaid work. Like housewives, older people may be exploited if they provide unpaid domestic labour, whether in child-care or in the care of other aged family members. We first calculated the total amount of time actually spent in unpaid household labour by all the people in a person's household combined. In this way, the household's necessary time in unpaid household labour would increase. However, exactly how the wage rate relates to the gain from unpaid activities is unclear. The valuation of time otherwise spent on leisure activities or unpaid work is more difficult (9;20). Time lost from unpaid labor and leisure was consistently the source of the greatest time costs. Few schools and fewer hospitals survived, and their personnel went unpaid for months or years on end. The claim is that careworkers (paid and unpaid) should have the right to decent working conditions, which include recognition, support and basic rights. The financial security of those who undertake unpaid caring work could be improved both by more adequate benefits and more comprehensive pension credits. There are constant reminders that we are providing an unpaid service for writers who are providing unpaid contributions. In addition, states had elaborate procedures for declaring the unpaid subscriptions that became due. The society of the future would abolish this species of ' ' unpaid labor. The balance of women's paid and unpaid work is fundamental in determining their lifetime earnings and pension entitlements. Men and women kin and affines, close and distant relatives, rich and poor, and paid and unpaid attenders contribute to the festivities in different ways. The subjects were recruited as unpaid volunteers with appropriate informed consent. Their results showed an increase in unpaid caregiver time at the baseline associated with levels of cognitive impairment. Older men and women contribute by active participation in both the paid and unpaid labour force. Creoles were interested in taking over them because they could exploit the indigenous sector, usurp community lands and demand unpaid labour. A person's necessary time in unpaid household labour was then determined in the following way. In this way, we estimated a person's equivalent unpaid household labour time. Our study brings these research areas together : it extends the number and characteristics of roles, and includes men and women in unpaid employment. The cost estimates do not incorporate the (informal, unpaid) contributions to the care of the older person made by family and friends. Still, they are the best we can do if we are to capture unpaid household labour time. Unpaid careworkers should also have the right to good-quality services if they decide not to care, or to reduce their care load. Problems in rescue work led to a gradual withdrawal by unpaid, middle-class women and their replacement by paid female workers. First, there is 'self-provisioning', which is the unpaid work undertaken by household members for themselves and each other. If it is not collected, the system will be in deficit and some pensions may go unpaid. Cases of unpaid or delayed payments to workers of privatised parastatals, without compensation for loss of value due to inflation, are common. Indirect costs included the costs of production losses due to sick leave from paid or unpaid work. Direct non-healthcare costs included costs of paid and unpaid help, purchased aids, and over-the-counter medications. In three brief sections, valuation of paid work time, unpaid work time, and leisure are discussed. However, neither offers a method of adjusting wage rates for time spent on unpaid work or leisure. Three types of cost categories were considered and varied: time lost from paid labor, time lost from unpaid, and employers' lost time. If time lost from paid labor was unpaid, this was considered a time loss from the perspective of the care recipient or the caregiver. The carers in the 50-59 age groups were reported to be the largest providers of unpaid care, usually for an elderly relative. They are most liable to be pushed into working more intensively as unpaid family labour or as cheap labour. The usual response to slack labour demand would be to increase the use of unpaid family labour on the farm. Although it was important for women to earn a wage, for themselves or their families, housework as unpaid work was no less significant for them. One is personal equilibrium, maintained by frequent adjustments of the balance and nature of paid and unpaid responsibilities. Further, many had altered work schedules to accommodate caring : 29 percent had reduced hours, and 22 percent had taken unpaid leave. Future government reform of the pension system should explicitly recognise both paid and unpaid work activity. The retreat of the state and long-term care provisions : implications for frail elderly people, unpaid family carers and paid home care workers. Their career opportunities are becoming less confined to the traditional female work areas, and fewer will have experienced long periods in unpaid caring work. Women and men share a perception of relative contributions that gives greater credit to men's wage-earning than to women's unpaid domestic labor and lower-paid employment. Women from poor farming households provide unpaid labour and suffer the drudgery of hand weeding to obtain higher yields. Even those who supplied unpaid labour must have been aware that it assisted in settling debts. Except for rare instances, as in the imperial capital in areas under surveillance by foreigners, construction labour was forced and unpaid. Drawing on their own experiences, they focused more on women's unpaid work in the home than their productive work outside the home. Although unpaid, they have made a tremendous contribution to the quality of the papers published. Delay will only make these numbers larger, for the fiscal gap, like our own unpaid credit card bills, grows with interest. They are most clearly distinguished by gender, which suggest a reliance on unpaid female carers, and the high employer contributions. The same is true of time spent in unpaid household labour and personal care. Of this latter group, 150,000 seemed to be engaged in unpaid, hands-on social work in its strict sense and on a fairly regular basis. The amount of time that is necessary for the household as a whole to devote to unpaid household labour activities can be reckoned similarly. Attempts to put a monetary value on leisure time or unpaid household production suffer all those familiar difficulties. In times of crisis no merchant would dare to claim unpaid bills from others for fears of starting a rush in the city. On family farms, most of the labor is supplied by the farmer and unpaid family members and thus has to be remunerated by profit. The results of this study demonstrate that the origin of time losses was, primarily, time taken from unpaid labor and leisure activities. Current approaches emphasize losses from paid labor without equal consideration of losses from unpaid labor and leisure. The findings clearly indicate that omitting caregiver and unpaid labor and leisure costs may result in an inaccurate assessment of ambulatory and home-based healthcare programs. Thus, this observation may indicate that care recipients with higher incomes were more likely to take sick leave from their employers rather than unpaid leave. In contrast to unpaid labor and leisure time, costs accrued to caregivers in the paid labor category were greater than those accrued to care recipients. The majority of time taken to receive/provide care was lost from unpaid labor and leisure. Information on residence, employment status, and paid and unpaid home assistance were collected both at baseline and at three-month follow-up. Particularly when a bankruptcy results in unpaid bills, re-entrants switch their operations to a different car market. Determining the role of work demands on women is complex due to their varied work patterns and the additional demands of unpaid ' home ' work. In those cases paid labour, unpaid household labour, and personal care should be treated as instances of spare time or leisure. The availability of unpaid people, family or friends, to help can often have an impact on these measures. The city lived in chaos, wages remained unpaid and hunger arrived in 1810. The time allocated to informal care may otherwise have been invested in paid or unpaid work and/or leisure. A good estimation of the opportunity costs of this aspect of unpaid work seems essential. The majority (76 percent) of time costs were due to losses from unpaid labor and leisure time. Thus, unlike the valuation of paid labor, the valuation of unpaid labor and leisure time was sensitive to the valuation methods. Prices of unpaid help from family/friends and sick leave from unpaid work were based on shadow prices for unpaid work (17). In the policy context, family care has and still is treated as unpaid domestic labour. Thus, the most ' successful ' schemes provide entitlements to women in their own right and recognise women's unpaid contribution to society by eliminating contribution rules. Recent work on paid and unpaid work has suggested that the dichotomy between them is breaking down, particularly in the field of domiciliary care. We could obtain silvicultural labor input including unpaid labor only for 38 user groups out of the sample of 52. Because women have more unpaid domestic, childrearing, and eldercare responsibilities, they have fewer opportunities to work outside the home for a wage. Gerontologists are addressing the question of productive activity through research on retirement and on various domains of unpaid work. At a 10 per cent discount rate, the present value of the 16 years of unpaid area fees is $3,129,483. In that same year, close to two-thirds of doctors' bills remained unpaid six months past due. Women do a lot of unpaid work in the home- significantly more than men. The latter also considers the unpaid labour undertaken by women, recognising that housework is actually work. In this case, a conflict over unpaid rent was taken to the district court. Moreover, the fact that this is unpaid leave means that even many of those eligible will not be able to take advantage of the provision. An additional relevant consideration is the demand for and supply of paid and unpaid labour. Second, issues of valuation, support and division of unpaid caring work need to be addressed. However, if one childminder simply replaces the unpaid work formerly done by one parent there is no real gain. However, few thought that their partners would take any form of unpaid leave. A second necessity of life is 'necessary time in unpaid household labour': the amount of time it takes to run a household like yours. Using the procedures described yields estimates of 'necessary time in unpaid household labour' for households of those different sorts. At one end of this spectrum is formal paid employment, and at the other end is unpaid community self-help, mutual aid and volunteering. In the economy of the performance, the scene showed that the young men are forced to perform unpaid labour, which they do not do wholeheartedly. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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