| 词汇 | example_english_underfunding |
| 释义 | Examples of underfundingThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The police suffered from poor motivation, underfunding, low and irregular pay, and lack of training and basic equipment. In particular, we find that guarantee funds may promote underfunding instead of reducing it. In equilibrium, there is no underfunding of pensions even in the absence of tax incentives to fund pensions. Awareness of the nation's need for immigrants was great, resulting in underfunding of selective programs and support for those that encouraged immigration. In the context of pension funds, the extent of shortfall aversion is influenced by the fund's flexibility in a situation of underfunding. Our motivation for pension guarantee funds was based upon underfunding, which was itself a consequence of capital market imperfections. The third force is the asymmetry regarding asset disposals between underfunding and overfunding under the current law. From this viewpoint, underfunding does not necessarily expose workers to any risk. Secondly, the past few years with historically low stock returns have shown that pension funds do get in a situation of underfunding. In fact, by using appropriate spreads, one can eliminate a large fraction of eventual underfunding. By 1998 a rising stock market apparently lowered the level of underfunding to $49 billion. Pension plans where pensions are indexed to inflation run the risk of underfunding due to inflationary pressure, which pushes up pensions. He began tactfully by reviewing the past and blaming some previous problems on the underfunding of the inter-war years. For the rest of this paper, we take l=110, representing a 1 % probability of underfunding. At funding ratios below 100 %, stock investments increase in the extent of underfunding. Employing a model that predicts pension underfunding, we consider first how private guarantee funds might operate and then explore some potential advantages of public funds. Underfunding will lead to an increase in contribution rate and a cut in indexation in order to restore the funding ratio towards the aimed level. To do so, we specified a model in which capital market imperfections could lead to the underfunding of pensions. Finally, the underfunding distorts the continuation decision. Put differently, the problem with underfunding that we have highlighted reflects imperfections in capital markets that guarantee funds are unable to overcome despite the insurance benefits of these funds. A larger tolerance for shortfall creates a higher probability of underfunding, but also increases the odds that an underfunded pension fund can get out of underfunding. Alternatively, the intense focus on pension accounting since 2000 and the widespread practice of plan underfunding may have already focused investors' attention on the issue sufficiently. Now, if the funding ratio (or surplus) is high, the 0 risk of underfunding is low, the contribution level can be lowered, and indexation can fully compensate for inflation. The background of historic underfunding and limited capacity in that area must be borne in mind when we debate the matter. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 On university lecturers, we put extra resources into universities last year so that they could begin to reverse the trend of underfunding. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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