| 词汇 | example_english_trade-union |
| 释义 | Examples of trade unionThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Nationally based tradeunion and employers organisations are unwilling to relinquish the necessary power to allow it to happen. Not only did a tradeunion have to be recognised by the employers, but also it had to be 'representative'. By the end of 1902 tradeunion energy was running out and the employers had successfully reorganised their opposition to strike activity. The divergence of its achievements may be the main reason why tradeunion policy is so far behind. Elster illustrates this using a wage negotiation game between a government and a tradeunion. It often means removing tradeunion immunities, removing the limit on the hours people work, and phasing out collective bargaining agreements. After this she and her colleagues became more determined to forge ahead with the tradeunion. Part three focuses on the fraught industrial relations of the waterfront and the struggles to create a tradeunion among this casual, but skilled, workforce. Thus, a tradeunion might offer discounts on holidays to its members, and threaten non-members with ostracism. It was the distribution of the ' surplus ' to non-producing shareholders which aroused tradeunion anger, rather than the creation of profits themselves. This central fact skewed the policy calculations of employers, tradeunion leaders, reformers, and public officials. The tradeunion began a blockade, or a boycott, which meant that it prevented transport to and from the two firms. For the millowners, the function of a genuine tradeunion was to reconcile the workers to their imperatives. They also raised the issues of free maintenance for schoolchildren, secular education, and the payment of tradeunion rates for board employees. The success of the tradeunion movement is evaluated in the light of disadvantages facing it. It is registered and certified as an independent tradeunion under employment legislation. The tradeunion answered that they did not want any state intervention. The restructuring of manufacturing industry explains the fall in tradeunion power. Jobbers with undesirable tradeunion or political connections could be excluded. Two institutional factors appear to be responsible for the presence of leftist veto players: the multiparty system and mechanisms for integrating tradeunion movements. The notable exception are farmers, who do belong to a powerful tradeunion. Finally, being a member of a tradeunion both increases the probability of voting and being interested in politics. Newly recruited policemen with a predominantly tradeunion and workingclass background subsequently filled this security void. Without a tradeunion of this kind, the lives of these government workers would stagnate much more seriously (ibid.). But that loyalty is closely woven in with a sense of fair treatment, the underlying cause and solidarity of the tradeunion movement. They discovered the continuing presence of big landowners but also a strong sense of independence that militated against tradeunion organisation and class struggle. In this context, the lack of the stable tradeunion organisation among workers may have reflected a 'calculated' strategy on their part. It is therefore unwise to credit them with any real effect on the tradeunion vote. The opposition, led by the tradeunion movement, made important advances in the mobilization of farm workers and commercial farmers during 1990 -2000. He refers rather rarely to the pressure of popular forces or, for instance, to the insurgent tradeunion movement. In addition to this predominant type of tradeunion, there has also been a very small minority of large and strong trade unions. However, in more complex negotiation situations, such as tradeunion negotiations, agents may well have incomplete information which limits this capability. These tradeunion links have never been systematically analysed and are still awaiting their historian. The nature of the law as a representation of national interest limited its value in tradeunion eyes for achieving a workers' perspective. It also highlighted how these reforms, in addressing the needs of all employees, had a wider sweep than just tradeunion members. I included community groups; religious groups; a tradeunion; a professional association or farmers' co-operative. The danger of tradeunion opposition was largely met by leaving the unionised sector of the civil service alone while the law was being discussed. Moreover, the ubiquity of victimisation and the repression of tradeunion activity had imparted a certain shape to the industrial action. The psychosocial budget included a variety of expenditures: on telephone, postage, sports, social club and tradeunion subscription, for example. Similarly, employers, tradeunion organizers and the workers themselves played upon sectional differences within the jobber's team. They needed the intervention of the state to destroy the communist influence in the tradeunion movement. But women tended to remain outside the ambit of such tradeunion organisation. Workers believed to have participated in tradeunion activities were liable to be dismissed. These files contain meticulous reports of tradeunion meetings and activities, especially after the one-party state was set up in 1966. Most of the interviewed former tradeunion leaders and members suspected that these files had been destroyed after the union's dissolution in 1972. They had many identities that at times fed into each other, including those based on ethnicity, region, gender and tradeunion membership. However, the tradeunion internationals actively promoted a sense of unity and solidarity. In other cases 'over-zealous' tradeunion officials were to blame. In some recent papers, the wage rate is the outcome of a bargaining process between a tradeunion and an employer organization. Because the tradeunion knows all this, it will not trust the government and will insist on higher wages. The leaders of the national tradeunion regarded the proposal as a threat to what they had achieved so far. Indeed, many of the largest legal firms who specialise in such claims work exclusively on a tradeunion-funded basis. Alongside political and military sections there was a tradeunion section, a youth organization, and a women's section. Yet now the military officers absorbed tradeunion principles in order to defend their corporate interests. The index consists of four components: tradeunion density, bargaining coverage, centralization and degree of co-ordination. This had been devised to encourage tradeunion support for pay restraint, and observed a long-held radical distinction between producers and non-producers. At the time, child labour was widely accepted within tradeunion circles and was a major source of income for working class families. In addition, government interference in tradeunion activities and those of student movements became the norm. He argued that tradeunion and trade association participation would benefit the act. For example, tradeunion violence, an intensification of the guerrilla war and a resurgence of political protest coincided during the 1970s. Schemes might be set up by members of a tradeunion or an employers' federation with partners from the financial services sector. They feared discrimination in the workplace as a consequence of approaching him, as they did when seeking the help of 'outsiders' in general and tradeunion leaders in particular. The concern with motherhood not only gave them a morally justifiable argument but also allowed them to operate within an ideological space that male workers and tradeunion leaders shared. One of the most powerful interest groups constraining the reallocation of public spending comprises public sector employees, who now constitute the core of the tradeunion movement. The employees in the retail trade not only learned a vocational skill, but they also learned a specific social behaviour which excluded the idea of tradeunion organisation. Ties to "popular" groups are persistently few and far between in this data set, consisting of the very occasional claim of membership in a tradeunion. By 1886, the passage of tradeunion acts in all the major colonies had protected union assets from fraudulent officials, but the problem of collecting outstanding dues remained. Interviews with some committee members indicated that most of the members had a long history of activism in political, tradeunion, community, voluntary or other groups. But author and orators compounded a glaring omission : nowhere in those written and spoken eulogies was attention given to a working person, a condition of labor, or a tradeunion. Problems also arose from establishing parties 'from above', without the essential base of a mass movement concerned to criticise society, and worlds away from the squabbling tradeunion movements. This recognition of tradeunion activity within the workplace represented a carefully circumscribed social right extracted from a colonial state now subject to pressures on multiple fronts. Finally, rank-andfile railway workers demonstrated an awareness of their collective interests by conducting a successful strike in 1960 in which neither the official tradeunion nor the party was involved. Indeed, the fear of a gradual loss of tradeunion influence following the formation of multinational combines is mentioned frequently but scarcely ever translated into recognisable strategies. I won't allow tradeunion. Nor is it possible to assume that contemporary political theatre necessarily connects with the interests and concerns of the tradeunion movement or the working class. And we would expect men to be more likely than women to vote for the leftist parties because of their higher levels of tradeunion membership. Some former tradeunion leaders even told me that the political allegiance of the union's executive and the large number of union members became very embarrassing. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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