| 词汇 | example_english_tick |
| 释义 | Examples of tickThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Among mammals, immature ticks have been identified on a wide diversity of species, including elephant shrews, rodents, lagomorphs, hyraxes, carnivores, equids and ruminants. The adult ticks were collected during the period 1971-1978 from 1258 hosts representing 28 species, 13 families and six orders of wild mammals. In this way ticks were recorded on ungulates, carnivores, rodents or pholidotes. Current knowledge indicates that ticks have a life pattern that produces apparently conflicting evolutionary selection pressures. In the second instance, host specificity was tested for ticks that had been collected 20 times or more, using data tabulated below. Both of these simulations used exactly the same number of ticks. Other ticks were only found on the mammals examined in the forests and the coastal zone. All ticks attached were counted, and all nymphs and adults were collected into tubes with damp paper and transported live to the laboratory. What eventually emerged was a compromise that endorsed the principle of mandatory cleansing, but did little to combat ticks. A total of 600 ticks were caught by sweeping lowlying vegetation of all accessible areas at the zoos with a cotton flag (flagging method). A comparatively low percentage of ticks survived the primary infection (45%) but of these survivors a high percentage (82%) survived the challenge (secondary) infection. In contrast, ticks dispersed within a continent by local movement of birds or domestic and wild animals are being circulated within their endemic distribution range. The ticks were never handled manually nor impregnated with oil or any other similar substance. However, it is more reliable to obtain this information directly by removing and identifying the ticks feeding on people. The differences concerning behaviour and physiology between nidiculous and non-nidiculous ticks are enormous especially in their host-finding behaviours. Despite the commonly observed feeding aggregation of ticks, harmful intraspecific competition during feeding is also evident. The later stages of development are only seen in ticks which have been infected during the nymphal stages. Rats, including the ears, were examined for ectoparasites (fleas, lice, mites and ticks) and collected by fine-toothcombing. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing the relationship of arboviruses with ticks versus insects. Testosterone depresses innate and acquired resistance to ticks in natural rodent hosts : a force for aggregated distributions of parasites. Each of the 2 categories of ticks were thereafter divided into 2 groups. Partially fed infected ticks can detach from their deceased host and may successfully reattach and feed on a new host. In hard ticks, the blood meal is taken up by the digestive cells by means of fluidphase endocytosis and via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Secondly, the vaccine is introduced in competition with established and accepted technology, namely the chemical control of ticks. In ticks, apyrases have not been characterized at the molecular level. Transmission of louping-ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on mountain hares. Sixty ticks from each cohort were assessed at monthly intervals. Differences in survival of the ticks kept under the two conditions was not as wide as that of parasites kept under the two conditions. Efficacy is greater against nymphal and larval ticks than adults. A timed stream is easily converted to a finer time scale by inserting a certain number of ticks before each element. Table 1 shows the ticks arranged by species, developmental stage, and the season they were collected. However, ticks cannot be disregarded as potential vectors of trypanosomes purely on this basis. A total-evidence phylogeny of ticks provides insights into the evolution of life cycles and biogeography. They showed significantly increased survival, while co-feeding, uninfected nymphal ticks also showed a reduced infection rate, compared to nymphs feeding on nonimmunized mice. Coltiviruses have been isolated from several mammalian species (including humans) and from ticks and also mosquitoes. Naturally acquired resistance to ticks - a global view. To date, biocontrol has been targeted largely at pests of plants, with only a few efforts to introduce biocontrol agents for the control of ticks. His ability as an artist is well shown in his beautifully illustrated publications on spiders and ticks. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that ticks in these localities cannot reach their intrinsic questing height. The presence of a gut barrier in ticks indicates that there is a specific interaction between virus (imbibed in the bloodmeal) and midgut cells. In this case the ticks stopped be/ore reaching the barrier, but after some hesitation 45 crossed whilst 5 skirted the barrier. The ticks proved very susceptible to the effects of the vapours of ammonia and clove oil respectively. The susceptibility of different species and stages of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi. Immunoglobulinbinding proteins in ticks : new target for vaccine development against a blood-feeding parasite. The resulting partially fed ticks were allowed to continue engorgement on new, uninfected hosts (interrupted feeding). Locations where broods were caught were an approximate indication only of where chicks might have picked up their ticks. Indeed, a consensus about the phylogeny of the hard ticks has emerged which is quite different to the working hypothesis of 10 years ago. The mitochondrial genomes of most metazoa, including the ticks that have been studied so far, are 14-16 kb long. Where did the first hard ticks evolve and how did their descendants spread around the globe ? No salivary protein reported in ticks so far appears to function as a vasodilator (other blood feeders have peptides or enzymes for this function). Inhibitors of the bloodcoagulation cascade are the most characterized entities from the saliva of ticks. Further study is needed to determine whether wasp infestation influences pathogen infection in ticks. Only a few species of hymenopteran parasites are known to affect ticks. Winter ticks on moose and other ungulates : factors influencing their population size. However, the extrinsic incubation period is important in terms of virus survival, and in the rare cases of interrupted feeding by ticks (see next section). To create a specific feeding pool in the dermis, ticks attach themselves to the host skin using their chelicerae and toothed hypostome. At least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. Contact with the purines, especially guanine and xanthine, triggers the arrestment response and causes the ticks to cease activity, forming a cluster. Purines are the major component of the arrestment pheromone in most of the ticks examined. Computer-controlled olfactometer system for studying behavioral responses of ticks to carbon dioxide. Study of the mitochondrial genomes of ticks has also provided insight into the phylogeny and evolution of ticks. The necessary proteolytic conditions apparently occur in the midgut of mosquitoes, but such conditions may not be present in the midgut of heterophagic ticks. Relationships between these aspects of size in the moulted adult ticks and their weights as engorged nymphs were then investigated. Infestations with single ticks have been established experimentally and mild infections have sometimes ensued. Unfortunately we were unable to find any method of covering the tick's surface, either in part, or whole, without seriously interfering with its movements. In all cases the reaction of the ticks to direct daylight was tested in the following manner. The ticks stopped suddenly on entering the region of the odour and, after waving their front legs, quickly retreated. If the vessel be left in a dark room for a few hours the ticks will all be found congregated underneath the pieces of paper. In every other case the ticks skirted along the edge of the illuminated area and would not enter it. Crosses represent ticks that died or were lost during feeding. However, fast-feeding ticks appeared to impair blood-feeding success of slow-feeding females during group feeding. The effect is to permit a higher percentage attachment and engorgement by feeding ticks, and better subsequent survival by engorged ticks. Superimposed on this are the physical, behavioural and immunological characteristics of vertebrates which determine the differential distribution of ticks amongst their host species. Abiotic factors impose constraints on when, where and how ticks quest for hosts. Due to the biology of ticks as blood-feeding parasites, their physical environment includes the host itself. Population regulation in ticks : the role of acquired resistance in natural and unnatural hosts. Variation in the ability of individual ticks to cause paralysis was also observed. Most of the major groups of organic pesticides are represented on the list of chemicals used to control ticks on cattle. The formamidines, chlordimeform, clenpyrin, chloromethiuron and amitraz, are members of a small group of chemicals that are effective against ticks. They do, however, make a good host for adult ticks. Accordingly, there are no reports of complete in vitro life-cycles of haematophagous acarians, ticks or mites. Failure to detect fleas on such hosts during cursory examinations may relate to their smaller size and agility compared to ticks. A number of papers have demonstrated the ability of ticks to manipulate the host's cytokine network. Following larval challenge, vaccinated cattle showed a 68 % reduction in the number of engorging female ticks and a corresponding reduction in the total egg weight. Taken together they were infested by adults of five species of ticks and immature ticks belonging to four genera (147 records in all). Each module consumes one or two ticks for an iteration of the loop statement from the input sample data to the corresponding output sample data. The flowering index is shown with grey shading, with y-axis ticks indicating increments of five. Although based on negative evidence, this thorough study does strongly indicate that known juvenoids do not occur and function in ticks. Eradication of the resistant alleles is a possibility if the populations of the resistant ticks are not widespread. Questions about where the first ticks evolved, and indeed the first hard ticks, are still far from resolved. A medical practitioner removed the ticks with tweezers, avoiding damaging the acarids. Most ticks were collected in autumn and spring (59 and 57 respectively). Sheep ticks occur as eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. He therefore concluded that the mode of infection is contaminative through the tick's excreta and not active through its proboscis. Similarly, infected male ticks have more chances than females to transmit virus to their hosts and to co-feeding ticks. Thus, about 18 % of all rodents were infested with infected ticks. The resulting survivorship curves of the ticks kept under quasinatural conditions were thus of the typical sigmoidal shape. Surviving ticks were counted at monthly intervals (n=200). Animals in such habitats must, therefore, encounter ticks that are infected with any of these spirochaetal genospecies. Feeding ticks and biopsies were preserved in 70 % ethanol. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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