| 词汇 | example_english_target-language |
| 释义 | Examples of target languageThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The generation and revision of the hypotheses for this grammar concerning interlingual regularities works dynamically by systemizing and generalizing the targetlanguage input. They give access to content and authentic surface forms in the targetlanguage as well as to the associations between them. We build a transducer for each targetlanguage sentence f1 to be translated. When parallel activation of a lexical item in the nontarget language entails a meaning not subsumed by the targetlanguage, semantic transfer may occur. Although there were some crosslinguistic differences, parent and teacher ratings of use and proficiency correlated with the child's grammatical performance in the targetlanguage. Note that the work of testing the input for possible exceptions is equally great whether there are any in the targetlanguage or not. Similarly, the knowledge orientation may be more related to academic activities allowing access to the characteristic features of the targetlanguage group. These interviews focused on the participants' capacity to explicitly formulate the targetlanguage structures. Second, if the data that are used are unrepresentative of the targetlanguage, it may not help with prediction. The presentation of items was blocked by targetlanguage. Contact with the targetlanguage in the group was relatively weak. Transcoding involves the literal transposition of source language linguistic units by their cor responding targetlanguage units. In these cases, an object clitic should be used in the targetlanguage. They both produced licit and illicit null objects throughout the recording sessions, although most object omission conformed to the targetlanguage. In this, their early use of verbs is not yet strongly impacted by the typology of the targetlanguage. There are two unusual forms of pattern in the targetlanguage. The declaration uses the labelled field syntax of the targetlanguage, which carries over from that of the source. Discernible differences in the babbling of infants according to targetlanguage. The problem with this interpretation, though, is that labelled non-sentences (negative instances) do not, in fact, belong to the targetlanguage at all. As a result, this might slow down the acquisition of the actual targetlanguage means, dislocation. There are many combinations that are not used in the targetlanguage. The differences in distribution suggest that learners do not take their pattern from the targetlanguage alone. In the next section we introduce a type system which combines this notion of typing with a translation to the targetlanguage. What is the impact of having a translation word activated during the process of lexicalization in the targetlanguage? In such a discourse learners are oriented to targetlanguage as an object rather than as a communicative resource. In a language-learning situation with restricted availability to the targetlanguage, such a system would likely be predicted purely on the grounds of transfer. By teaching useful strategies in the four skill areas, students will have the ability and confidence needed to decode the targetlanguage. Rated as least useful were: general education courses, courses in methodology, and general preparation in the use of the targetlanguage. The types of speech errors made by bilingual speakers cast doubt on the assumption that phonological activation is restricted to the targetlanguage. We argue that the activation of phonological representations is not restricted to the target language and that the phonological representations of languages are not separate. This process separates the static and dynamic roles of types by producing type representations in the targetlanguage for each type in the source language. That is, high-anxious students make less of an attempt to convey difficult or personal messages in the targetlanguage. There has also been greater use of the new technologies within distance language learning for authentic encounters with the targetlanguage and culture. The input to such a component would be a form that represents the abstract syntax of the targetlanguage. The article next explains how each g roup of student teachers prepared lesson plans based on selected poems in the targetlanguage. For most program analysis this is not straightforward since it may require us to make some hypothesis about the targetlanguage of the compilation. This restriction is sufficient to guarantee a type-preserving translation into a targetlanguage (see section 7). This observation was interpreted as revealing that the target's translation was activated in the course of retrieving the picture's name in the targetlanguage. In section 3 we introduce the static analysis and translation from source to targetlanguage. We advance a view of bilingual control in which condition-action rules determine what is done with the activated phonological information depending on the targetlanguage. Still, he makes little use of clarification requests, which stimulate the development of children's linguistic and communicative competence in the targetlanguage. Translation is modeled as a mapping of source language phrase sequences to targetlanguage sentences. The fact that the participants were able to identify agreement errors correctly demonstrates that they could handle subject - verb agreement in the targetlanguage. This knowledge is then accessed via other cognitive mechanisms in order to comprehend and produce utterances in the targetlanguage. Pidginization is the result of a social and psychological distance from the speakers of a targetlanguage. Contact with the targetlanguage is quite intensive. As a consequence of this setup, the interpreter will produce output in the targetlanguage (although occasionally a source language word may slip through). Furthermore, both the input and output processing mechanisms of the targetlanguage are activated, albeit possibly to different degrees. He does not, however, differentiate stops according to targetlanguage. Transfer may result if bilingual children employ voicing features from one of their languages in the other targetlanguage. A particularly significant area is listener experience with phonological representations of the targetlanguage. Cross-linguistic studies on bilingual word recognition vary in their participants' level of reading proficiency in the targetlanguage. This approach can also be used with profit by more advanced-level listeners faced with a difficult text or an unfamiliar variant of the targetlanguage. Another cost is that a transducer may be needed to match the intermediate form to the targetlanguage. Finally, in order to directly evaluate the distribution of monosyllabic and multisyllabic nouns in the targetlanguage, we analyzed noun length in our input data. Yet, he explicitly says that a creole is derived from an ' imperfectly learned version ' of a targetlanguage (158). But it must also be said that many of the articles do not offer a sufficiently clear exposition of the phonology of the targetlanguage. In some cases they realize differences in meaning or contextual usage that are salient to the targetlanguage. Senses lexicalized differently in a targetlanguage tend to yield translation errors when confused. Consider an alternative account of how a learner figures out what patterns are present in the targetlanguage : s\\he listens to it. One way of going beyond this is by exploiting opportunities for targetlanguage use in the local community, if such opportunities exist. The study shows that the multilingual students make use of metalanguage in languages other than the targetlanguage during the production process. In this section we develop an operational semantics and an abstract machine for the targetlanguage. This means that the targetlanguage preserves the abstractions of the source language. Nonetheless, the students found the process of working with the targetlanguage close-captioning to be very worthwhile and felt it helped considerably. We obtain the number of phrases covering each targetlanguage word in the segmentation lattice. The object was communication, and the ability to communicate in the targetlanguage. This competition requires a mechanism for controlling attention to the targetlanguage, possibly by inhibiting the interfering option. Second, production rules should make reference to the targetlanguage (and to the source language in translation). Such between-language interference suggests that phonological activation is not restricted to the targetlanguage. Several researchers have shown the way in which this analytical model can be used to study isolated lexical elements in a targetlanguage. These children receive all or part of their subjectmatter education in the targetlanguage for as many as 12 years. The studies in this group all take an interlanguage perspective, describing the interlanguage as a system independent of the targetlanguage. A word2 needs to be added to the targetlanguage lexicon before its grammatical category can be assigned. The description of the actual location is thereby underspecified compared to either the source or targetlanguage. As can be seen from example (35), a number of cases included as dislocation do not coincide with the targetlanguage construction. One factor could be the learners' incomplete acquisition of the targetlanguage. We also note that, if there is a critical period, this should exist regardless of the targetlanguage tested. Chapter 6 deals with the assumption that thinking as much as possible in the targetlanguage facilitates the learning process. For ease of 4 4 presentation, we will write disjunction as sets in the targetlanguage. We focused the attention of subjects on color identification, and we checked their knowledge of the color terms in the targetlanguage. Gains to language learners from viewing targetlanguage closed-captioned films. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。