词汇 | example_english_tactical-voting |
释义 | Examples of tactical votingThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. To this extent, two claims can be made about tacticalvoting in three-party competition. The definition of tacticalvoting developed here is designed to express the insights from rational choice theory in a language that can be commonly understood. Thus, tacticalvoting should ideally be measured directly, rather than indirectly. The existence of this group is also an indication of the importance of information on motivations for vote choice in a measure of tacticalvoting. The assumption is simply necessary to elucidate the nature of tacticalvoting under rational choice theory. A measure of tacticalvoting based on strength-of-feeling scores can misclassify respondents in two ways. Of course there are some situations in which tacticalvoting, even mass tacticalvoting, is justified. The translation of the definition of tacticalvoting to other electoral systems is more complicated. Table 2 is designed to show the effect of this process on the measure of tacticalvoting. It is not just the wasted vote characterization of tacticalvoting that falls foul of careful scrutiny. Whether it is tacticalvoting at a single election or new tacticalvoting between elections, inference is solely on the basis of vote choice. In later work they went on to distinguish between instrumental and expressive tacticalvoting. Most theories of tacticalvoting suggest that it will increase with distance from contention. Nonetheless, the definition developed above provides a basis for judgement on the criterion validity of existing measures of tacticalvoting. Tacticalvoting is generally understood through a rational choice framework, if only because no other theory predicts tacticalvoting. Moreover, the method relies on a theory of strategic incentives to capture all the tacticalvoting effect on vote choice. However, the value of this test requires agreement on the theory of tacticalvoting. The similarity between the reported levels of tacticalvoting for the two measures does not tell us they are similar measures. This constitutes a substantial reduction in the level of tacticalvoting. The probability of tacticalvoting increases with the distance from contention and there is a marked increase when the preferred party is in third place. Moreover, the definition and measurement of tacticalvoting should be neutral between theories of strategic incentives in order to test between their predictions. The extent of such tacticalvoting is likely to be very low. This makes the resultant measure useless for actually testing theories of tacticalvoting. If one accepts the definition of tacticalvoting in the simple plurality system, there are implications for the measurement of tacticalvoting. Nonetheless, tacticalvoting outside simple plurality electoral systems does not seem to be subject to any non-trivial necessary conditions that are straightforward or easily understood. They sought to create conditions that would be favourable for tacticalvoting. So it may not be possible to say anything at all about when tacticalvoting is optimal solely in terms of the expected order of finish. A good indicator of tacticalvoting should identify as tactical voters those who deserted their preferred party for another in order to influence who won in their constituency. Further characterization of tacticalvoting is difficult. Inference of tacticalvoting from aggregate data suffers not only from the classic ecological inference problem19 but also rests on assumptions of party preference structure and motivations for vote choice. Thus, tacticalvoting contributes to partisan reinforcement, but, since the average level of tactical voting was relatively small, this factor could not confound a class contextual effect substantially. Three criteria define instances of tacticalvoting. So this section will largely take for granted that it is only tacticalvoting away from parties expected to come third or lower in the constituency that is being measured. I say again that such systems introduce volatility and instability, and encourage tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The reason for that bias is entirely to do with tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We have tacticalvoting in our present political system, but it relies on our second guessing how our neighbours may or may not vote. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Could the electoral commission teach one how to achieve tacticalvoting? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I believe that we all understand the problems that can arise and the difficulties with tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I myself got involved during the election with the question of tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 This is where tacticalvoting comes in: in trying to work out who is best placed and therefore who to vote for. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The experience of the 1992 general election, in which tacticalvoting was urged, suggests that the present system is not ideally suited to tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The alternative vote is important because it enshrines honest, tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 At the last election we heard a good deal about tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The whole issue of so-called tacticalvoting has created a tendency towards negative campaigning. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 However, as we well know, that was caused by tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The system of tacticalvoting needs special consideration. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 They were just using the opportunity to show what tacticalvoting is all about. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 One of the great advantages of the alternative vote is that it makes unnecessary any form of tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 That removes tacticalvoting in the next round because people are simply told that the last person has dropped off the list. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There would be no need for the tacticalvoting that bedevils our present system. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 That situation encourages tacticalvoting, a sophisticated expression that we have heard in recent years. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 It tends to promote tacticalvoting, sometimes of a most unsavoury kind. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Nevertheless, there is nothing wrong with somebody putting forward the case for tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Such flexibility would of course largely negate any intended restraint on block tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Some call it collusion and some tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 That has the advantage that it prevents tacticalvoting, as it invites people to make a choice and stick to it. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I find that confusing, because if there is one feature that the alternative vote does not encourage it is tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is no doubt that tacticalvoting would be finished if any of the electoral systems talked about today were introduced. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 It is clear that there is a great deal of tacticalvoting which has taken place in elections. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I do not at this time want to argue how the tacticalvoting has occurred. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Additional vote systems also institutionalise tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We have this in tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 That is what tacticalvoting is about. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is no need for tacticalvoting. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is no doubt that the electorate is becoming increasingly sophisticated, and is beginning to use tacticalvoting more than it did previously. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The thing that was meant to be good about proportionality in elections—that people vote for the party of their choice, rather than engaging in tacticalvoting—is no longer applying. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Voters are very sophisticated and tacticalvoting is well within their capabilities, although they have had to work within a system that they do not like. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 They have taken tacticalvoting to heart. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Such tacticalvoting would be less effective if the ballots were counted using median scores. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This is called strategic voting or sometimes tacticalvoting. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This is an example of potential tacticalvoting, if one that would be difficult for voters to carry out in practice. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. An undervote can be intentional for purposes including protest votes, tacticalvoting, or abstention. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Although less common, split-ticket voting can potentially be used as a form of tacticalvoting. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Tacticalvoting greatly complicates the comparative analysis of voting systems. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Proponents of other single-winner voting systems argue that their proposals would reduce the need for tacticalvoting and reduce the spoiler effect. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Since at least 1991, tacticalvoting has been an important feature of the nominating process. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Runoff voting is intended as a method that reduces tacticalvoting, but two tactics called compromising and pushover are still possible in many circumstances. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Tacticalvoting is where voters do not vote in accordance with their true preferences, but instead vote insincerely in an attempt to influence the result. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The potential for tacticalvoting also came in for question. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Sports such as gymnastics rate competitors on a numeric scale, although the fact that judges' ratings are public makes it less likely for them to engage in blatant tacticalvoting. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. They might do this either because it is easier than evaluating all the candidates, or (depending on the voting system in use) as a form of tacticalvoting. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. To do this it is first necessary to define a first preference party for all voters and then to look at the relationship between tacticalvoting and distance from contention. The emphasis on both voting other than for the first preference and doing so for instrumental reasons should be reflected in the measurement of tacticalvoting. After all, in our first-past-the-post system people are able to get around the problem by tacticalvoting, as they have done. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 In the first place, whatever happened to the 50 on the list straight voting as they wished, tacticalvoting would remain for the 100. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Tacticalvoting would not be necessary if we had a fair voting system. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Tacticalvoting is encouraged by the present applied system. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The lesser of two evils principle is often discussed as a rationale for tacticalvoting, especially under voting systems such as first-past-the-post which favor a two-party system. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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