| 词汇 | example_english_surveillance |
| 释义 | Examples of surveillanceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Secondly, the architecture of the city, with its crowded housing, narrow alleys, balconies, and roof-gardens, enabled exceptional degrees of neighbourhood surveillance. Expected cases were estimated according to data from laboratory surveillance during 1998-1999. A more prudent selection and use of antimicrobial agents, in both humans and animals, and a continuous surveillance of resistance are essential in the future. Annual surveillance summaries of animal rabies also suggest a persistent elevation in rabid cats following in the wake of the spreading raccoon epizootic. An estimate of number of stools from general practice would be extremely useful as a denominator for other national surveillance systems facilitating international comparisons. In addition to encouraging drain trapping, the drainage manuals consistently exhort the householder to adopt a rigorous program of sewer surveillance. Firstly, passive surveillance generally identifies disease serious enough to warrant seeking medical attention, and thus underestimates overall morbidity in the community. In addition, increased surveillance on the part of the reception staff improved communication both between members of staff and between members of staff and patients. However, in the first years of the surveillance (1989/90), the number of yersinia isolates was about twice as high as in later years. After the campaign an intensive surveillance system was instituted and physicians were required to notify suspected cases. The use of serological markers of infection adds another dimension to the surveillance of meningococcal disease. Most outbreaks were reported in the 10 years after the introduction of enhanced surveillance suggesting under-ascertainment of outbreaks before this. The four denominators reflect increasing amounts of information about the population subject to surveillance that may be available. Useful cluster detection systems should be able to identify clusters of various size, shape, and duration, centred anywhere within the surveillance region. The reality show's strategy of constant surveillance assures us that cast members are no more and no less than who they appear to be. The core of surveillance is a functional capacity to collect, analyse and disseminate data. Although ascertainment levels are increasing, detection, reporting and surveillance of legionella infection remains poor in many countries. However, early detection of outbreaks by sensitive surveillance is important. However, except where changes to surveillance systems are described above, there is no reason to believe that the degree of underreporting has varied over time. The investigation highlighted difficulties with surveillance of respiratory illness on cruise ships. Investigation of the causes of the summer-dominant rate of gastroenteritis should be a priority for future research and surveillance. Traditionally, surveillance of bacterial diseases is performed by analysis of isolated bacteria in each designated centre of each country. Five categories of symptoms (skin and haemorrhagic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological and unexplained) were adopted for the case definition of the surveillance. In adolescents and young adults the clinical picture is more variable, with subclinical forms, that hinder the surveillance of the disease, being frequent [2-6]. Compared to the existing diagnosis-based surveillance system, symptom-based surveillance has the advantages of timeliness and simplicity. The data from this surveillance system also provided valuable feedback to practising physicians in the community. The surveillance continued throughout the vaccination trials and thereafter [23]. An algorithm discriminating time-intervals of increased (epizootic) and diminished (inter-epizootic) counts of rabid raccoons was developed for use with state-based rabies surveillance data [9]. However, this surveillance system is a heavy burden and remains random and unsatisfactory. Studies have ranged from highly detailed studies in hospitalised patients, through active surveillance of safety in field studies to passive monitoring of largescale programmes. The temperature level is checked once a month and no major discrepancies were observed in the surveillance period. In addition, these data suggest recurring 5-year peaks in incidence that should be explored by continuing surveillance and molecular subtyping of isolates. Despite the increasing level of ministerial surveillance, fraud was inevitable. The second was active surveillance, prevention of crime and an accurate network of informers. Secondly, cases reported to national surveillance are not necessarily representative of all cases [26]. Of the 28 outbreaks, 19 (68 %) were reported between 1994 and 2003, the final decade of the 30-year surveillance period. Also, a more rounded view of privacy would also be wary of assuming that surveillance necessarily leads to totalitarian systems of control. A great infrastructure for potential surveillance is regarded by the privacy rights movements worldwide, as an obvious danger. Evaluation of the potential benefits of environmental surveillance under developing-country conditions is in progress [10]. A surveillance system was implemented in order to determine the time-space distribution of the cases to document the extent of the problem. Because such figures may not have been sufficiently accurate, we used the coverage data from active surveillance only. The active surveillance scheme aimed to increase completeness of the national surveillance data. To increase the specificity of surveillance, it is essential to incorporate rapid laboratory diagnoses into the system. Clinical surveillance with confirmation of diagnosis might improve case-ascertainment as has been established for rare paediatric [8] and neurological disease [9]. The results of this study have public health surveillance implications beyond those of more accurate differential diagnosis. Although the surveillance system is subject to revision every 5 years, more frequent changes in the system would be advantageous. The use of a non-name-based surveillance registry in a match for such purposes requires developing an estimate of sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. Surveillance for mumps and rubella criteria for the timing and interpretation of testing to ensure results are accurate. We need to resolve such technical issues in order to build an effective surveillance system with better predictability. Though limited by available funds, we attempted to understand true morbidity by conducting active surveillance during 1 month each in the wet and dry seasons. In that sense it provides continuous surveillance and hence management of risk. Indeed, future co-surveillance for strongyloidiasis and these other helminths could present the next logical step in developing a strategic framework for integrated disease management. The molecular methods used in this study showed that surveillance of these respiratory viruses can be conducted and may help in the management of patients. Within our surveillance system we use two methods to calculate upper prediction limits for the proportion of diarrhoea calls. Determination of susceptibility to sulphonamides was an integrated part of the surveillance system from its establishment in 1974. They play an important role in disease surveillance and service planning. Although, diagnostic tests have high sensitivity and specificity, a poor notification rate may still undermine efforts in surveillance and disease control. Capture-recapture methods are important tools in the evaluation of surveillance systems. With these in place the researchers now aim to demonstrate these techniques in real-time surveillance applications. As to its uses it too would be used for surveillance activities. There are some areas of the world where such a surveillance system in livestock intermediate hosts is not possible. Tensions between the support and surveillance functions of clinical governance were evident. In such cases, freedom has capitulated to a totalitarian elite power controlling the masses through the use of technology, particularly media and surveillance technologies. Within the discourse of surveillance the gaze acts through the panoptical (all-embracing) agencies of control and censorship. Rabies transmission parameters were largely estimated from one-year active surveillance study for rabies in the six sublocations (described in [3]). Effective surveillance is a vital component of any control policy intended to maintain the rabies-free (virus/disease) status of a specific country. Even if their children live far away, they may provide general surveillance, crisis help, and act as brokers for formal services. At least some villagers associated the new technology with the surveillance operations of the state. The same applies to the persons found under surveillance in the source mater ials. Ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection in young adults with bicuspid aortic valve: implications for echocardiographic surveillance. She expressed an insecurity about regaining the weight and a perceived need for constant self-surveillance. The varying policies of surveillance, timing of delivery, and indication for therapy further complicate any assumptions we might draw about outcome. The goal of intrapartum fetal surveillance is to reduce the incidence of potentially signi®cant intrapartum fetal asphyxia and prevent moderate and severe fetal asphyxia. Methods of rat control combined with surveillance of suspected cases of plague are the best collective method of protection. If we make the same assumptions, the results predicted by the model are not so different from the surveillance system data. There was, however, no change in reporting of sharps injury across the surveillance period. Even in locations where surveillance is total, there is a hiding of information from others (including the state). Then you have the civil rights people who claim that this is a surveillance situation. However, routine pertussis surveillance data has well-recognized limitations related to variations in clinical and surveillance practice and a lack of sufficiently sensitive diagnostic methods. The use of surveillance data also did not permit us to examine treatment compliance and other risk factors important for understanding resistance. According to the statute, the czarist government introduced at its discretion the state of "intensive" or "extreme" surveillance. Screening the elderly in the community: a controlled trial of dependency surveillance using a questionnaire administered by volunteers. Of interest, including the moderate risk group in a surveillance program suggested a huge reduction on the cost per gained life year; 980 vs. 1,947. Quality standards are very high and adverse effects are monitored closely as part of an effective system of postmarketing surveillance. The focus is on cost-effectiveness of surveillance versus no surveillance, while most studies analyze costeffectives when comparing various screening strategies. In the presence of this trinity of power, surveillance and religion, there was no alternative but submission. Theory helps researchers organize facts, identify missing information, design surveillance, and analyze data. The specific surveillance of the precetto had to be augmented by the general surveillance of patrol in order to watch an ever-expanding number of suspects. Throughout the realm, the police, or whoever was assigned their functions, cut back on all sorts of surveillance. We conclude that as automated ambulatory care record systems become more widely available, they can assume an important, currently unfilled, role in disease surveillance. The increased surveillance of such infants could be accompanied by attempts at very early intervention. Establishing such a relationship might help to replace conventional sampling methods by using light-traps in vector surveillance. Nevertheless, long-term surveillance of patients and treatment monitoring will be necessary to evaluate the occurrence of rare adverse events. The ethos of forest policy in this period could be succinctly summarised as: surveillance, punishment, education. He sees surveillance as the" mobilising of administrative power" with the storage and control of information the key way in which such mobilisation takes place. Rather, it examines the nexus between the office, regimes of visual surveillance, and the construction of middle-class male heterosexual identity. There was clear evidence of monitoring or surveillance. Thirdly, there were occasions when carers allowed their carer role to lapse, and left the person with dementia alone without surveillance. The general effect is to create a social context in which women are deemed inadequate and in need of constant self-surveillance and body management. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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