| 词汇 | example_english_subsistence |
| 释义 | Examples of subsistenceThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Under the subsistence framework this would lead to reduced pressure on forests, whereas the effect would be the opposite in the market approach. Pension levels are defined in relation to subsistence needs, and are usually pitched considerably below net earnings during the period of paid employment. To this end, they might work just enough to get a subsistence income and spend the rest of their time trying to write poetry. When such criteria do exist, they are broad enough (genealogy, way of life, subsistence activities) to accommodate many different situations. Such interaction would have diversified the subsistence economy considerably. The model economy without subsistence absorption exhibits no movements in markups. In the first place, the discussion of the burials floats almost completely free of any consideration of population, subsistence and exchange patterns. The women eke out vital family living incomes through subsistence farming, fishing, petty trading and activities in the informal sector. In a society which prized independence, they had few options but to rely upon others for their subsistence. The presumption is, of course, that the fly, deprived of its means of subsistence, died of starvation. In other words, utility increases only as consumption rises above a floor or subsistence. To describe such a preference for subsistence consumption one needs a non-zero consumption floor in the utility function. A rising frequency of subsistence crises, due to the colonial penetration, was overlooked. Zones of export cash-cropping are intermixed with subsistence food crops. The data also show that on subsistence crops most farmers used lower rates of organic fertilizer and almost no mineral fertilizer. Women have heavier workloads than men as they are the main producers of subsistence agriculture while carrying the burden of household work and domestic production. His critique focuses on the assignment of primacy to subsistence change as a way of dividing pre-state societies into meaningful categories. In both populations the majority of women from 15 to 59 years of age were engaged in mainly subsistence/partly monetary economic activities. Failure was indicated by insolvency: the inability to cover ®xed costs, scheduled loan payments or household subsistence consumption in a particular month. Thus, the basic questions of subsistence, social organization, and sociocultural evolution were neglected. Power, soil fertility maintenance, fodder for farm animals, and household nutrition are the primary activities for which non-traded inputs are used in subsistence societies. The location of most sites reflects the agricultural mode of subsistence that prevailed at the time. The remainder was consumed by the members of the family (and by the animals used on the farm) for their own subsistence needs. In its simplest version the subsistence requirement is fixed. Although many scholars have discussed social evolution, few have asked why subsistence became the key element defining the stages. Most of these families depend, to a large extent, on subsistence production and are found among the 66% group of ' rural poor'. First, we discuss in detail the calibration of two main components of the retirement expenditure : the subsistence needs and the health-care expenditure. The third optimality condition contains the essence for why the model with good-specific subsistence points provides a theory of countercyclical markups. The parameters gi denote good-specific levels of subsistence consumption of public goods. They range from extensive, small-scale subsistence use to capital-intensive farming. Under the subsistence approach it was predicted that increased input costs would discourage the use of modern inputs such as fertilisers. The role of subsistence within stadial schemes changed in subsequent centuries. There was no significant difference between men and women in the proportion having above subsistence or ' extra ' money. Although a rural area, there is little subsistence agriculture. Our subsistence way of living is being lost. The wages of jute mill workers provided them with bare subsistence. Patriotism and communalism were luxuries that they could ill afford now that partition had ruptured so many of their traditional subsistence networks. The literature on food transfers among peoples practicing a subsistence economy has grown in the past twenty years. The networks are maintained across a variety of contexts focused around mating, parenting, subsistence, and group defense. One interview with a former cadre provides a superb insight into the encounter between a subsistence society and the idea of revolutionary social change. The choice of crops, however, is governed by the contribution of different crops to farmers' diets and subsistence. The needs of subsistence production explain why a production-centred view of this family obscures the truth about the way it functioned. Their standards of living were near or below subsistence level at times of crop failure. A search for meaning is inevitable, even in the pursuit of pure subsistence data, or new particles, or new genes. On the supply side, rising opportunity costs of family labor lead to declining returns to labor-intensive subsistence production systems. Larger firms therefore typically play a central role in the transition from semi-subsistence to commercially oriented, agroindustrial production. Consider first a sparsely populated subsistence society with limited access to markets. At the poorest extreme of the rural population are those households whose demand for land as a site for subsistence farming is very strong. Consequently, transactions between households making a full or partial exit from farming (subsistence and otherwise) and those interested in using more land are impeded. The subsistence farmers owned small patches of land, while the commercial farmers primarily leased land from the pastoralists. First, there is a precautionary demand for land that can be used for subsistence agriculture and this demand declines as income rises. In this region, 62 per cent of the active population are cultivators; the large majority of them being subsistence farmers. Real world complications are finally analyzed under three catchwords: human capital formation, responsibility, and the subsistence constraint. Lower participation from smaller farm households in institutional programs might be due to their higher involvement in subsistence a ctivities. Rural communities in developing countries depend heavily on natural resources, both for commercial production and subsistence consumption. Fisheries production is not adequately valued by agricultural landowners, since much of the floodplain fish production is used for subsistence consumption by the landless. Many crops and traits of extreme importance to subsistence and resource-poor farmers around the world have been overlooked. The most likely factor for the maintenance of diversity in domesticated grasses is that they are generally used as a basis for subsistence. Likewise, if the wage rate exceeds that reservation wage, no one remains in subsistence sector. In some cases, the damage was sufficient to threaten the subsistence base of communities. First, the goods depicted (fruits and goats) have, as far as one can tell, only use value at a subsistence level. Whereas the subsistence approach focuses exclusively on the agricultural sector and population growth, the market approach draws attention to the rest of the economy. The subsistence or foraging economy is described with a precise and experienced insight. Certain groups were exempt-government officials, school teachers, and monks: interestingly, 'poverty' or 'no means of subsistence' was also a ground for exemption. In developing countries, where subsistence farmers rely on irrigation water for basic needs, irrigation water pricing is a sensitive policy intervention. In the context of a generalized cooperative subsistence strategy, stinginess could provoke the withdrawal of cooperative partners and result in a loss of income. When pensions were combined with relief in kind, they would, according to this calculation, appear to have been barely adequate for subsistence. Becoming a wage-dependent weaver did not necessarily mean a life at subsistence level. The coordination of work in the pursuit of subsistence eventually may have been co-opted by elites. Let us concede that the beggar has no alternative means of finding subsistence. Interviews with consultants of different ages indicate that the current, gendered differences in subsistence work are of relatively recent origin. Next, subsistence is treated as an identity marker for group boundaries. However, it also recognises that lagging and vulnerable sectors - typically subsistence grains, hillside agriculture and the economies of marginal communities - will remain disadvantaged. The bulk of the rural population engages in subsistence-oriented farming, where the operational size of the farm is quite small. The road has also made it possible for villagers to switch to cash crops from subsistence farming. What means of subsistence were available to them? Therefore, the model implies that wage must be w = when the subsistence sector coexists with the modern sector. To achieve the healthy good looks that upholders of a dominant practice of social masculinity urged would seem to require more than a subsistence income. We embed the assumption of goodspecific subsistence points into an economy with monopolistically competitive firms. People save so as to assure themselves of a minimum (subsistence) level of wealth at retirement. The life of a subsistence farmer simple does not accord with our notion of labour. In very broad outline, the first stage was to pay, subject to means, a pension well below subsistence which would supplement income from other sources. Subsistence pensions could only be paid on retirement; failure to do this" would impose an unjustifiable and harmful burden on all citizens below that age". Subsistence agriculture was also influenced by patterns of rainfall and other geographical conditions. From this time on the position of subsistence agriculture declined in other regions, though the pace of this change was uneven. Even with six months unemployment the family would have been well above the bare subsistence poverty line. Certainly such processes may sometimes relate causally to changes in material conditions including subsistence resources and practices. Moreover, exotic lithic materials link sites with specific source areas which are important in the reconstruction of regional settlement-subsistence systems. Much of the interpretation of the evidence, however, has addressed subsistence, economic and technological developments. They don't subsistence-hunt anymore, they work for their own construction companies. Many households in our case-study areas were living close to their minimum subsistence level. There was also no significant difference among subsistence and non-subsistence groups in the number of crabs collected each trip. The distribution of our sample was: 58 per cent public sector, 23 per cent private sector, and 19 per cent subsistence and informal activities. Households in the government and private sectors are grouped together in a 'non-subsistence' category because there was no significant difference in their crab collection activities. The local farmer identified each of the lots, and provided assistance to participants that could not recall the harvest of subsistence crops. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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