| 词汇 | example_english_social-security |
| 释义 | Examples of Social SecurityThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Incentives to retire later - a solution to the socialsecurity crisis? Note that the labor costs of the firm include a share of socialsecurity contributions. Therefore, as much as 30 % of this population group was out of the socialsecurity system. We present two versions of this result, considering two different types of socialsecurity schemes. We show that any equilibrium of this type can be supported by a nonmonetary equilibrium with a saving-based socialsecurity system, and vice versa. The general equilibrium effects of socialsecurity as well as its distortionary effects are ignored. After retirement, they receive socialsecurity benefits in the benchmark economy. This concern has encouraged calls to delay retirement so as to prevent the depletion of socialsecurity reserves. These problems suggest that a redistributive socialsecurity system has to be centralised, and this is the standard conclusion in the public economics literature. Reducing socialsecurity benefits was an important policy instrument. A strongly watered down version of the socialsecurity reform was passed in late 1998. Often this mechanism is needed for survival, a kind of built-in insurance to provide socialsecurity and care for the dependent and sick. As a consequence of this trend towards early retirement, the financial sustainability of socialsecurity and earlyretirement schemes is at stake. She already had four children aged under 11 and lived on socialsecurity. It is a corollary of this slow growth and high unemployment that government socialsecurity spending and government borrowing would also be high. Several papers show that a privatization of the socialsecurity system will not be politically supported by the current generations. The socialsecurity replacement rate is set to 73.2%, which corresponds to the average retirement pension over the average wage in the data. In these circumstances, the incidence of resignation by employees may be high, because of a continuous search for economic and socialsecurity. These three institutions are planned to be united within current reform studies as one socialsecurity institution. His second move was to design and package the bonus for the working poor as a socialsecurity tax offset. A general socialsecurity scheme was explicitly rejected. I study the bias of actuarially fair measures commonly used to evaluate the impact of a socialsecurity system on the well-being of individuals. Once established, a lot of interests accumulated around these decentralised socialsecurity arrangements. However, the actual socialsecurity system is progressive, so that people with higher earnings receive less than proportionally. Patient information was handled through the use of assigned patient identifiers rather than identifiable personal information such as socialsecurity numbers. This is every bit as true, incidentally, for public policy regarding socialsecurity, homelessness, drugs, or immigration as it is for the environment. More importantly, socialsecurity can partially insure individuals against different types of risk when asset markets are incomplete. It transmits data reported automatically to the socialsecurity offices that can use the data in question to fulfil their duties. Employers and workers may need time to overcome uncertainty, and become familiar with the set of new socialsecurity institutions that reforms put in place. In the socialsecurity, corporate and property tax fields, countries also use broadly similar structures. Some socialsecurity institutions have recently delivered samples of the work history records and some other institutions will probably follow them in the near future. This is indeed recognised by the authors and, of course, in areas such as socialsecurity we are looking at a fairly 'national' system. Most of these studies are based on administrative records of socialsecurity, which are increasingly available in the region. It had to assume traditional functions: censorship, socialsecurity for writers, and also a 'moral protection' of literature, as in the case of cinematographic adaptations. The data set consisted of patients' admissions, socialsecurity status, and diagnostic imaging tests. Individual equity under this system is generally equated with actuarial fairness, and most evaluations of socialsecurity are based on this idea. Given the development and growth of the welfare state, socialsecurity has become the main means of protecting individuals from poverty and insecurity. Increasingly, occupational and personal funding of retirement income is becoming more prominent than governments' socialsecurity programmes. Taking the above mentioned principles into account, a global review of the processes throughout the whole socialsecurity system was carried out. Firstly, all responsibilities in the field of socialsecurity were initially in the hands of the cantons. Table 1 indicates the valuation for hourly costs (socialsecurity contributions included), and tariffs for personnel involved in either health care or coordination. Chapter 8 explores the behavioural responses that may be induced by socialsecurity (relating to work, marriage, completed family size and savings). Finally, this paper deals with women who are in or have husbands in the contributory socialsecurity system. Highly fragmented and incomplete histories of contribution to socialsecurity risk leaving these workers with no contributory pension rights. A key aspect of this issue is hence how pension-reforming governments finance existing socialsecurity obligations. They could also contribute to at least mitigate the intra-generational inequalities resulting from budget financing of socialsecurity deficit and reform transition. The distortionary effect of socialsecurity is shown to be significant while its impact on factor prices has a much larger effect on individuals' well-being. Of much interest is a chapter on tradeoffs of including individual accounts in a national social security program, especially when voluntary carve-out plans are introduced. Further research is needed on the origins, nature and consequences of attitudes to the socialsecurity system. It is the reluctant individualist's response to the neo-liberal assertion that privatisation and the residual model are the only way forward for socialsecurity. One of the principal studies carried out in 1974 was on socialsecurity reform. On the one hand, the socialsecurity system is already suffering the financial pressures of an ageing population. Evidence suggests that many eligible people do not claim socialsecurity entitlements because of lack of knowledge, or the perceived stigma attached to claiming. They calculated both gross socialsecurity wealth and socialsecurity wealth net of employee contributions. These particular workers are chosen as their benefits examples are found in a document of the socialsecurity administration. The distortionary effect of socialsecurity is then higher relative to that for other agents from the same cohort. Notably, governments can finance a real expenditure by increasing the inflation rate, or finance the expenditure by increasing the tax rate on socialsecurity benefits. For others, it tapered down from 100 per cent of the rent as income increased above the socialsecurity benefit rates. He receives capital income and socialsecurity benefits, and makes decisions on consumption and asset holding for the next period. She finds that while there is much heterogeneity in returns, women are particularly susceptible to socialsecurity risk. The projected cut in socialsecurity contributions is proportional for all sectors and amounts on average to 12 per cent for the six countries. It is more favorable for the most labor-intensive sectors and for those where socialsecurity contributions are highest. This research is of relevance to socialsecurity, taxation, family law and child support policies and administration. Still, he did propose the introduction of children's allowances as one key element in the socialsecurity framework. The state is used to promote social equality through a redistributive socialsecurity system. These include privatisation, socialsecurity reform, judicial reform, and fiscal re-centralisation. Only 40% of the beds are under traditional socialsecurity management. The role of 'socialsecurity' has become more explicit. A few examples from the field of socialsecurity may illustrate what is involved. For many households, the socialsecurity income of older members has become a vital contribution to family welfare. At the beginning of the reform, older cohorts experience sizeable welfare losses, associated with the loss of socialsecurity payments upon retirement. For the remaining 30 socialsecurity declaration forms, the number of headings has been reduced on average to a third of the previous number. A final finding is the inadequate reimbursement by socialsecurity funds for both types of intervention. The occupational benefit plan (the so-called ' second pillar ' of socialsecurity) is a fully funded system. It is designed mainly to give employees access to private providers whose services are not reimbursed under socialsecurity provisions. These findings are of significance for socialsecurity policy, taxation benefits, child support policy and family law matters. Pension and socialsecurity issues continue to be on top of the policy and research agenda in most major countries. For many senior citizens, their income largely depends on their receipt of socialsecurity benefits. These contributions study whether pay-asyou-go socialsecurity systems may result from political equilibria when private agents choose to create, maintain, or dismantle intergenerational transfers. Meeting basic needs : the unorganized sector and socialsecurity. However, state governments are short of resources and it is highly unlikely that there will be any worthwhile socialsecurity system in the near future. As such, socialsecurity by the state assumes great importance. Echoing the sense of entitlement among pensioners, the media claimed that pensioners had a constitutional right to socialsecurity. Secondly, the socialsecurity system has failed to eradicate poverty in old age. The differential might however be specific to a country's socialsecurity and public health systems. The need to adjust contemporary socialsecurity systems to population ageing has increased the prevalence and salience of such judgements. There was a general view that those employed by social services and socialsecurity were likely to disclose personal details. There are a number of themes in current debates on socialsecurity which implicitly challenge established systems of multi-level governance. Fiscal federalism based on competition between the constitutional units is often regarded as a threat to socialsecurity standards. Up to the beginning of the 1980s the reduction in employment income was almost completely offset by increased income from socialsecurity benefits. The share of means-tested benefits in the total socialsecurity budget has risen everywhere. Our analysis has shown that centralisation is not essential to maintaining the socialsecurity system in the face of goods and factor mobility. Thus, as the federation was empowered to legislate almost all branches of socialsecurity step by step, fiscal and social responsibility increasingly failed to coincide. It routes data requests to the socialsecurity office that can supply the data in question. We could also have expected greater delegation in the directives on technical standards and, especially, in the highly complex socialsecurity regulations. Chapter 2 informs readers about different socialsecurity traditions and historical contexts which have informed socialsecurity ideas and institutional arrangements. Second, opinion trends relating to the financing of socialsecurity are analysed. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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