| 词汇 | example_english_smoker |
| 释义 | Examples of smokerThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Smoking cessation is naturally an exception, being limited to smokers. Neural activity related to the processing of increasing monetary reward in smokers and nonsmokers. In the patient group, 39 persons were cigarette smokers v. 11 non-smokers. The higher a smoker's initial internalization, the lower the probability of abstinence from smoking at end of treatment or 3 months thereafter. Thus, in the present study, the population of smokers may be "self-selected" for those negative symptoms that selegiline appears to remedy. Anti-smoking campaigners argue that higher taxes not only ensure that smokers ' ' pay their own way, ' ' but also reduce consumption by raising the price of cigarettes. Short and long-term effect of smoking on arterial-wall properties in habitual smokers. During the 1980s, the number of adolescent smokers declined, but later increased again. Dietary supplements of betacarotine may carry the risk for increased mortality in smokers. We examined the possible effects of smoking on color vision: specifically, whether smokers perceive a different pattern of suprathreshold color dissimilarities from nonsmokers. Other findings are unexpected, and await confirmation by others such as the increased probability of onsets among smokers. However, 20 percent of the dentists had at some time or other recommended smokeless tobacco as a support for smokers who wanted to quit. Smoking status also was ascertained, and the sample was partitioned into never, former, and current smokers. Faced with ostracism in the workplace, restaurants and public buildings, smokers might decide to abandon cigarettes. First, they challenged the idea that smokers exercised choice either by emphasising the addictive nature of cigarettes or characterising smoking as an illness. Workers' antipathy to the effects of second-hand smoke proved to be more influential than opposition to the proposed regulations from smokers, business owners, and libertarians. The prevalence was higher among quitters than among never smokers, current smokers and seldom smokers. Approximately 8n9 % of prospective migrants reported being current smokers, 5n2 % previous smokers and 85n9 % lifetime non-smokers. Among those who smoked, the majority (59 %) were vaccinated against influenza, whereas the pneumococcal-vaccination rate was lower among smokers (45 %). The proportion of smokers was higher in the unvaccinated influenza group, compared with the vaccinated (16 vs. 11 %). Standing next to, or sitting with, smokers was considered exposed even if out of doors, whilst walking or running past was considered non-exposed. None of the subjects were smokers or taking any medications, and they were either sedentary or recreationally active. Groups that represent smokers play only a marginal role. Thus, smokers may have an a priori better prognosis. Men are more likely to be smokers than women, but there has been a considerable convergence in the rates over the period. The five-group analysis of pairs who were concordant ever smokers uncovered important genotypergender interaction effects. Results when never smokers as well as experimenters were included in our analyses were similar (not shown), but numbers of never smokers were relatively small. Genetic analyses were conducted using twin pairs who were concordant ever smokers. No significant differences were found between patient smokers and non-smokers, possibly due to a lack of power. Half of the participants were current smokers and an additional 20 % were former smokers. Three case children, compared with no control children, were smokers. Bupropion did not reduce relapse to smoking in smokers who stopped smoking with nicotine patch therapy. Bupropion did not initiate abstinence among smokers who failed to stop smoking with nicotine patch therapy. The key results are that smokers are impaired relative to nonsmokers. Among reported nonsmokers, only 1.4 percent had serum cotinine >15.0 ng/ ml, the selected cut-off point for identifying smokers in their report (2). Although few did this routinely, one in five had on occasion recommended smokeless tobacco as a support for smokers who wanted to quit. Among adolescents, current trends show that females become smokers more frequently than males. Moreover, the population of smokers was fairly big. The second involved suggesting that smokers were incapable of informed choice. Otherwise, anyone, including shopkeepers, could continue retailing secretly the excess over personal requirements to unregistered smokers. Within disorders, the proportions of person-years in current daily smokers were far higher than in past daily smokers. Long-term impact of smoking on lung epithelial proliferation in current and former smokers. In the case of mood disorders, daily smoking predicted subsequent onset, with no variation between current versus past smokers or by smoking intensity. Predicting smoking cessation and major depression in nicotine-dependent smokers. A pessimistic view of the success rate of older smokers appeared to negatively influence practice. Also, few of the participants were current smokers. Only one participant, a health visitor, was not convinced that many of the older smokers she had contact were suffering from the effects of smoking. Among lifetime regular smokers, a quit attempt was defined as ever trying to quit or cut down on smoking or using tobacco. Members of the primary care team should be aware that motivational strategies tailored for older smokers should take account of their beliefs about smoking. Clearly, older smokers are an important target group for smoking-cessation interventions. The fraction of disease in smokers attributable to smoking was 59 %, but was much higher in women (at 70 %) than men (at 38 %). The interests of the tobacco industry - to recruit and retain smokers - are decidedly at odds with the interests of the consumer. The explanation proposed by the authors to account for this assumes that the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is different in current smokers than in non-smokers. The percentage of smokers in the population is the ultimate outcome measure concerning the impact of the report. Dentists and dental hygienists, however, were significantly more active in providing self-help material for smokers. A total of 397 patients in the cohort fulfilled the criteria: 32.1 percent were women, and 22 percent were current smokers. Furthermore, smokers are affected by many diseases as a direct or indirect consequence of smoking. Thus, male and female smokers and nonsmokers were compared separately. Second, they seized upon evidence that passive smoking caused health problems to show that the activity harmed non-smokers as well as smokers. First, there was still a very large population of smokers whose life expectations were by no means short. Smoking typology profiles of chippers and regular smokers. There has been a substantial amount of research evaluating interventions speci®cally aimed at pregnant smokers who are ready to make an attempt to stop. Smoking is associated with meningococcal carriage [12, 13] and close contact with smokers is associated with an increased risk of disease [8, 14, 15]. A few studies have shown that there is an increased risk of dementia in smokers. After adjusting for age, daily smokers were reported to have a significantly higher risk than those who had never smoked. Thus, smokers might benefit more from thrombolytic therapy. In smokers, the thrombotic component is thought to be prevalent over the atherosclerotic component. However only 23% of the patients over 70 years of age then were smokers. Most smokers want to give up, but health professionals have to compete with tobacco industry spending of £100m a year. After 1 year, 354 (31 percent) smokers reported abstinence. Among females, smokers placed less weight on red-green differences and more on lightness; among males, they were lower on overall per formance. Similarly, regular nicotine use reflects smokers who smoked regularly for at least a month, before or at the age of 18 years. Recent research has demonstrated that smokers are at an elevated risk for psychiatric disorders. In terms of health risk factors, fewer evacuees were current smokers, but their overall body mass index was higher. The majority of the twins in this sample were ever smokers (87.8 % of the women and 91.2 % of the men ; p<0.01). When divided into smokers and non-smokers, the drug/ placebo separation was dramatically greater among smokers. Cognitive-behavioral intervention increases abstinence rates for depressive-history smokers. Having accurate data on smoking in the medical record is an essential rst step in any strategy to encourage smokers to quit. Also, this therapy can obviously only be offered to a particular population (smokers), which further limits the potential benefits at the population level. A total of 11.3 % of participants were current smokers and 2.6 % alcohol users. The findings from this study, and a parallel study that explored the health beliefs of older smokers, have been used to develop smoking cessation training designed to overcome these barriers. The participants who appeared to be least likely to broach the subject of smoking cessation with older smokers were very clearly district nurses and health visitors. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for smokers with histories of alcohol dependence and depression. We also assumed that nicotine dependence among daily smokers continued from the year of onset of dependence until the last year in which daily smoking occurred. Adjustment for cigarette smoking is particularly problematic as smokers often underestimate how much they smoke when answering research questionnaires. Current smokers were defined as those who smoked at least one cigarette per day. The graphic shows dramatic increases in deaths over time between smokers and nonsmokers. Anti-smoking campaigners argue that smokers take more sick leave and generate higher medical expenses than non-smokers. Possibly, some adolescent smokers may be at risk from loss of sleep. We estimated coefficients (and odd-ratios) for quitters and current smokers, with 'never smoked' as the omitted category. Approximately 10 % of the patients were current smokers and slightly more than half of them had never smoked in their life. In this study, 18 of the 40 adult cases were smokers, 12 of the 24 women and 6 of the 16 men. Other reports consider it appropriate to order an x-ray examination in smokers of more than 20 cigarettes a day or long-term smokers. Two patients and two comparison subjects were cigarette smokers ; they refrained from smoking during the course of the test. Among respondents, 7 % of smokers reported never trying to quit. However, relatively little is known about how to characterize the severity of withdrawal, including whether withdrawal subtypes exist in male smokers. Telephone helplines (quitlines) have gained increased recognition as effective interventions for smokers. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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