| 词汇 | example_english_sera |
| 释义 | Examples of seraThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. All 31 cases provided acute sera, 19 provided convalescent sera and 14 had viral throat/nose swabs taken. Sera from individuals known to be affected by immunosuppressive conditions or by an acute infection or to have recently undergone blood transfusion were excluded. Dilutions of the sera were allowed to react with the coating antigen. Sera were tested at 1 in 200 dilution on antigen coated plates. A week after the last dose of antigen, jirds were bled from the retro-orbital plexus and immune sera were isolated. The rabbits were bled before the immunizations, and the sera obtained were used for control studies. The sources of sera used have been described previously [8]. The wells were incubated for 2 h at room temperature with diluted human sera. Blots were incubated overnight with the various test sera. The sole exclusion criterion was sera collected from individuals with known immune deficiencies. Sera has been systematically collected from mice and rats either harbouring a schistosome infection, or vaccinated with the isolated membrane preparation. Saving tests by pooling sera - how great are the benefits ? All sera for which the result was equivocal were retested. In total, 4943 (48n9 %) sera were from males and 5175 (51n1 %) from females. The duration of this maternally derived immunity was determined experimentally from sera of unvaccinated children. Sera with antibody titres of 128 or higher were regarded as positives ; those with 64 were regarded as suspicious. The number of sera collected per country ranged from 2766-8303. None of 31 sera from prepubescent children was positive. Overall, of 2331 sera tested, 305 (13 %) were seropositive. Two approaches were taken to designate sera as seropositive or seronegative. Delay in diagnosis also limits the utility of paired sera to detect an antibody rise. However, the force of infection estimates for older children from this study are imprecise, because only 15 sera from this age group were negative. Sera collected from 20- to 34-year-old women. The search for gastrointestinal nematode vaccine candidates has so far been based largely on immunoscreening with sera from infected animals. No correlation was found, however, between endemicity and specific antibody levels in positive sera. Sera were collected 4 days after the third injection. Again, pre-immune sera as a negative control did not show any reaction (data not shown). A bacterially expressed recombinant protein was highly reactive to the sera of patients with clonorchiasis. Moreover, paired acute and convalescent sera of the patients and sera from control subjects were not tested. We compared the sera of two groups (f11 years and o12 years) with respect to their ability to bind to each chimeric protein. The sera were collected at 7, 30 and 73 days post immunization and used in the present study. The fifth section draws on a compendium published in 1906 outlining state control of sera to analyze standardization practices. Given the comprehensive diagnostic service that each offers, substantial differences between laboratories regarding the reasons for which sera were submitted are unlikely. Sera were primarily used to evaluate effects of the national immunization programme. Controls with the pre-immune sera (also diluted 1:1000) were also carried out. Similar problems concerning monovalent or polyvalent sera had also arisen for dysentery sera. While this situation favored the interests of a free market, it risked allowing low-quality or even dangerous sera to enter the market. All sera were sampled, stored and tested under identical conditions. After bleeding, blood samples from each group of mice were pooled and centrifuged to obtain sera. The creation of antitoxins or bactericidal sera depended on the serum hosts, their health, and principles of animal husbandry. Fourteen antigens were precipitated to varying degrees by all the sera. The 164 sera had been taken at a median of 9.5 days after onset of rash (range 1-52 days). Ideally a population-based random sample of sera should be collected. The specificity of the antigen pools was tested with known positive sera from previous studies. The standard was given an arbitrary antibody unitage and the results obtained with test sera are presented as log antibody units. In case of two or more sera tested from one animal the mean of all test-values was calculated. In addition, 168 (11.3 %) sera produced borderline results. The presence of antiviral antibodies in mouse sera (seroprevalence) was recorded as a binary response (present or absent) for each mouse. Serological identification was performed using the slide agglutination technique with shigella antisera (polyvalent and type-specific sera) [6, 7]. In this study, the sera were tested immediately after the survey. One of the pools consisted of 13 human sera drawn from conscripts in the study population immediately prior to the influenza vaccination in autumn 1998. Another similar pool consisted of 11 sera taken 5 weeks post-vaccination. When both were available, acute and convalescent sera were tested in parallel. Seropositivity increased with age, with 83 % of sera positive by ages 10 -14 years. Sputum culture and paired sera test were both negative. Background activities were thereby reduced but not completely removed in nearly all 19 sera (data not shown). The mean number of sera per patient/ episode was 2.97 (range of 2-3). Two dilutions of sera (1 : 500, 1 : 1500) are shown. Essentially the same results were obtained when whole sera were used. Sera were analysed in duplicate at a 1/1000 dilution. Sera were immunoabsorbed with mouse tissue antigens to reduce immunohistochemical background staining. Such a result seems to suggest that intestinal antibody responses to surface antigens are less stage specific than those observed in sera. The sera were obtained by the method described above. In both methods used, the antibodies of repeatedly bitten animals detected specific salivary antigens in dilutions of sera 1 : 500 -1500. The sera were collected from the rabbits 1 week after infection and at weekly intervals for up to 9 weeks. Sera samples were analysed on weeks 0, 8 and 15 postimmunization. The working dilution of sera was 1 : 50. None of the other 60 sera with gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, filariasis, paragonimiasis, cysticercosis and malaria and the 20 normal control sera showed a positive blue dot. Sera from young children (, 15 years) from the same village were also collected. The normal control group of sera was obtained from ten healthy adults who were negative for any parasitic infection at the time of blood collection. No reactive bands were shown using pooled sera from nonimmunized mice (fig. 3). The specificity of these criteria in paired sera of control patients with respiratory infection of other aetiology (n=58) was 96 % [25]. Unfortunately, however, the next sera in this study were obtained at 90 days, by which time all the dying bats had succumbed. Initially all sera were screened at a single final dilution of 1 :10. Using the same sera, these experiments were performed independently by two technicians. However, older children were more likely to have high-titre sera compared to adolescents, which corresponds to the observed age distribution of cases in low-coverage countries. The sera were pooled and served as negative control serum (day 0) and positive control serum (day 45). Both assays correctly identified the plague patient sera but the intensity of the signals in the two assays could not be correlated. Approximately equal numbers of sera from males and females were tested. Following the blood draw, sera were separated, frozen and stored at the facility. Initially, 27 sera from animals between 3 months and 5 years-old, were received. Sera were diluted 1 : 2500 for worm antibody detection and 1 : 2000 for egg antibody detection. None of the control sera presented a positive reaction with any of the peptides tested (data not shown). The following experiments confirmed that sera from cats contained comparable amounts of the components of the complement classical pathway as swine or rabbit sera. Determination of circulating hydatid antigens in the sera of patients with hydatidosis and their diagnostic significance. We tested the correlation between these antibodies in the patient sera. They reported negative results when the patients' own sera or other patients' sera were used. Overall, for the 124 sera the samples had been taken at a median of 11 days after onset of rash (range 1- 46 days). As for the older individuals, sample no. 32 lost binding activity towards chimeric protein no. 9, but most sera did not. Specific antibodies were detected in 154 (10.4 %) animals ; 168 (11.3 %) sera produced borderline results. Sera were taken within a period of almost 30 years, with the majority being collected in the 1990s. To assess potential cross-reactivity, sera from individuals (n 1⁄4 40) with parasitic diseases (leprosy, malaria, ascariasis) other than filariasis were used. Known naive and positive (hyperimmune) sera were included in every test plate. Sera samples were taken on weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21 post-infection (p. i.). If the participation of the former type of antibody were predominant or exclusive, sera would show similar reactivities against all antigens. Statistical analysis of results from all sera has previously demonstrated that this seven-band pattern was significantly correlated with a toxocaral infection. Not all sera were tested with all serotypes. Two sera gave non-specific fluorescence that could not be interpreted. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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