| 词汇 | example_english_sanitary |
| 释义 | Examples of sanitaryThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The specially designed furniture, for instance, and the carefully designed cast-aluminium handles, sanitary fixtures, and light fittings all enhance the overall architecture. The impact of inadequate sanitary conditions on health in developing countries. Without sanitary legislation and local nuisance inspectors to enforce it, butchers and the other offensive trades17 had no incentive to pursue anything other than self-interest. Here sanitary reform is an unquestionable priority, crucial to the moral and physical wellbeing of the nation's social body. They were also furnished with such modern sanitary wares as bathtubs, water closet, hand washbasin with marble counter top and timber cabinets. Of their own accord, the state health authorities had already started to take rudimentary sanitary and hygiene measures to contain the epidemic. Within the overall pattern of accelerated late investment, spending on different elements of sanitary infrastructure varied considerably in timing and scale. Early investment in water without adequate consideration for drainage had its own consequences for later patterns of sanitary expenditure. In practice, moreover, sanitary improvements contributed to the upheaval of the city's topography and its reconstruction on a grander scale. Identifying an 'active strain of resistance' to infrastructural reform, the author claims that the great sanitary transition constituted an 'attack on domestic autonomy'. However, sanitary reforms occupied a relatively low place in the agenda of the colonial state during the late nineteenth century. Lurking just below the surface of these accounts of sanitary progress, there is evidence of opposition to the introduction of 'destructors'. The marginal zone was hygienically deficient both in the homes and the surrounding areas and also in the sanitary practices of the residents. Sanitary screenings of farm-reared birds should preferably include some complete necropsies, for example of casualties, rather than rely exclusively on non-invasive sampling. On the whole, financial and administrative factors constrained the development of sanitary and public health services on estates. Figure 2, recording the levels of outstanding loans for different sanitary purposes, supports this view. Almost any reformer could find a reason for being a sanitary reformer too. In that process sanitary arguments served at best to support a case made primarily for economic reasons. Their objective was to exchange information regarding, for example, urban sanitary conditions and the enhancement of urban administrative structures. The improvements in sanitary and hygiene conditions during the post-war period are key elements in this acceleration of the process. Careful examination of accounts for instances of exceptional expenditure above usual levels in public health categories can indicate the sanitary component of such monies. The existing slim coverage is insufficiently convincing to establish a general chronology of sanitary progress. As we have already stressed, the patterns of sanitary investment by local government do not support an early relationship between environmental regulation and mortality decline. Even the municipal authorities believed that health officials were too severe in the implementation of sanitary laws and that such severity was not justified. Inside the flat, it was common for two or three different households to need to share the kitchen and sanitary facilities. They dealt with the maintenance of sanitary conditions, carrying out of preventive measures against communicable diseases at international seaports and airports, and exchange of information. A comprehensive sanitation programme encompassing provision of sanitary facilities as well as education in hygiene is indispensable for improved health. His technical account, however, contained details that might raise concerns for fellow sanitary engineers. The issue of municipal leadership in sanitary improvement is confronted in a number of contrasting case studies of nineteenth-century sanitation measures. In fact, an unwillingness to regard sanitary reform as a worthy recipient of public money may have held up progress in this sphere. In fact right up to 1945, he feels, the search for permanent solutions to urban sanitary problems proved elusive. One of the first things people mention about a city they have just visited is their impression of its sanitary conditions. A retrospective viewpoint might regard former sanitary problems merely as an introduction to, or explanation of, later improvements in cleaning technology and municipal management. He believed in the need to regulate behaviour, to the extent that there were claims that he operated an intrusive sanitary police. The book is less successful in explaining why the nation's pioneering sanitary engineers and health reformers were able to achieve so much. Nascent nineteenth-century sanitary experts implored people to burn as much of their waste as possible in home fires. Here is precisely the comprehensive pastoral agency necessary to implement sanitary reform. We can further understand the resistance to developing technologies of sanitation by situating the project of sanitary reform within the larger context of urban development. As the most important gatekeepers of the port, sanitary inspectors observed not just disease but also crowding, lack of ventilation, and dirt on the ships. The number of sanitary inspectors never exceeded a few dozen. They never inquired into the over-all problem of sanitary functions themselves. In lieu of mechanization, administrators attempted to find other and cheaper ways to make the cities sanitary. There the sweepers pitted the nightsoil using a device which was later (in the 1920s) known as a sanitary landfill. Only in the wake of the sanitary movement did they begin to publish such information. Unfortunately, the extent of expenditure on some important sanitary projects is disguised by this process. The range of sanitary powers available to municipal authorities varied accorded to their status. In the circumstances, composing a sanitary profile of national scale appears an enormous undertaking. The coincident timing between peak sanitary investment and the onset of a general decline in infant mortality is highly suggestive of a causative relationship. What is the presumed role of sanitary investment within this pattern ? The sanitary conditions in the civilian camps are desperate. Widespread faecal contamination of the environment occurs due to poor and congested housing conditions and insufficient sanitary facilities. Despite the fact that most houses had sanitary services, 81% of the population had intestinal ascariasis, suggesting that the population had deficient hygiene habits. Of 132 samples collected from the sanitary canine area, only one was positive (0.76%). Sanitary audit of the orchard revealed multiple opportunities for contamination of blueberries by pickers. The head of the sanitary department claimed that the judges were still too lenient, extending periods for repairs and giving ridiculously small fines. Moreover, the adoption of the trap allowed the householder to use new sanitary technologies in the service of domestic, rather than public, interest. As historians have suggested, mid-century sanitary reforms stalled because of hardened divisions over technology, finance, ideology, and politics. Therefore, selection was carried out by a military rather than a sanitary strategy that might have prevented new cases of infection. The pattern of capital expenditure on sanitary infrastructure so far established has been based upon current price data. He rightly questions the widely accepted view that cholera epidemics acted as a motor of sanitary reform. The underanalyzed rhetoric of resistance in nineteenth-century sanitary documents reflects a perception of reform as disruptive and dangerous. The principles of sanitary science fully supported this modernization. Standardizing vaccines, which meant measuring their virulence, was crucial to sanitary security. To make sense of the epidemics, the authorities adopted some sanitary measures that were influenced by social prejudices. In cucumber production, pest problems appeared mainly on plants that were close to the entrance, thus signifying the need for effective sanitary measures. He cites instance after instance of local neglect, ignorance, and politics obstructing the course of sanitary improvements. In the monograph by the doctor, further sanitary aspects of the dwelling are described. Due to the sanitary conditions on the estates and the late hospitalisations, the mortality rate among the immigrant labourers was alarmingly high. In this scenario all waste goes directly to sanitary landfills without being processed at compost plants. Making massive efforts worldwide, after decades of talk, to provide adequate diets, pathogen-free drinking water and adequate sanitary facilities to everyone. 11. The only exception is when sanitary costs increase by 25% and hunting costs decrease by 25%. A final account of the direct contribution of local government sanitary investment to patterns of mortality decline awaits its completion. When levels of capital investment in other sanitary services were beginning significantly to increase, annual capital investment in water was either stagnant or declining. A self-congratulatory tone was allowed to creep into official reports detailing the declining mortality levels accompanying sanitary reform initiatives. From 1870 to 1881 recorded expenditure was split between two accounts - municipal and sanitary expenditure. The new sanitary initiatives, when they finally came, did not originate from the state bureaucracy but from among the liberal urban middle class. First, why was there a difference of 25 years between the beginnings of the respective sanitary movements ? Secondly, why was the difference in sanitary provision still so great in the early 1890s ? The sanitary movement thus represented a narrowing or focusing of attention, compared with earlier views. A sanitary infrastructure of central water supply and main drainage, it could be argued, was the luxury of communities that were rich. The aim is to standardize biofilm removal for in situ sanitary control in the food industry. The years traditionally thought of as witnessing concentrated sanitary advance simply are not coincident with the onset of general mortality decline. Since the subcontracting of work (particularly of scavenging) was common, however, salary data may well underestimate the sums spent on the labours of sanitary personnel. The present study has emphasized the need to develop sanitation and sanitary-education programes. In this case, all waste is processed at sanitary landfill. As the model correctly predicts, under this situation sanitary landfill becomes the optimum solution. Whilst central government could exercise certain measures of control and guidance, sanitary conditions were a local concern locally regulated. A call for a more comprehensive study of the sanitary undertakings of local government has been common amongst historians of nineteenth-century mortality decline. An examination of patterns of current expenditure on services by local authorities adds an important new dimension to the sanitary equation. The high cost of a sanitary infrastructure suggests that this is something that only wealthy societies can afford. There were no housing or sanitary facilities for the internees. Sanitary health is particularly difficult to maintain, and stakes often become the means for disseminating pests and diseases. Eyewitnesses testified that he received gifts from residents who did not want their names to be reported as violators of sanitary laws. The implementation of sanitary measures revealed a conflict between the interests of commerce and those of public health. Their decision rested upon the questionable assumption that sanitary citizens would cooperate in epidemic preparedness. Very early into the history of sanitary reform, engineers and administrators realized that technology was unable to solve the problems of insanitation. One limitation of this study is related to the difficulties in measuring variables reflecting sanitary and environmental conditions. Sanitary inspection of the water supply identified a number of deficiencies. We also found that this predisposition was stronger in the study groups with sanitary infrastructure. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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