Examples of retrenchment

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In order to better examine this forward-learning problem, we therefore put the retrenchment requirement on hold during this section.
Though retrenchment is necessary, as argued above, here it seems too extreme.
The new social pact entails the retrenchment of the residual welfare system that was established in the late colonial period.
Nonetheless, an ideological consensus on the legitimacy of retrenchment to facilitate welfare reforms seems, at least intuitively, to be a necessary condition for everything else.
At the same time, the central government has continued to attempt some forms of systemic retrenchment, although the effort has been far from easy.
Retrenchment of free medical-care paralleled that of pension systems.
In retrenchment, central government may seek to limit the total expenditure of all local governments for economic stabilisation.
Under these circumstances, retrenchment was a near certainty; the only issue was which groups would bear the burden of spending reductions.
The non-socialist parties have lost little, if anything, of their opposition profile by supporting retrenchment of social security schemes.
In the objective (1), we assume that voters penalize the politicians for savings, that is, primary surpluses, exceeding the people's willingness to support retrenchment.
Historical precedent suggests that, in democracies, both central redistribution in social spending and retrenchment of established social programmes are facilitated by jurisdiction-wide political parties.
Now we ask: how frequent would this retrenchment be ?
Industrialists, taking note of the state's response, continued with their policy of dismissals and retrenchment.
Governments have also tried to exempt the social sector ministries from retrenchment.
The institutions and policies associated with agriculture developed in a manner that facilitated retrenchment in the 1980s and 1990s.
Financial austerity has prompted the state to adopt social policy reforms through re-commodification and cost containment, resulting in the retrenchment of the residual welfare state.
If tasks have become more demanding, as one might expect with the retrenchment of public services, increased sibling sharing could have been expected.
In a continent wracked by economic retrenchment and civil war during the past two decades, public services have declined across the board.
In connection with the budget for 1996, a follow-up on the labor market reform was passed that implied a significant retrenchment of unemployment benefits.
Despite strong consensus among policymakers concerning the necessity for retrenchment, no reform was enacted before 1993.
In connection with the budget for 1999, another follow-up on the 1993 labor market reform was passed also implying retrenchment.
There is no doubt that the politics of retrenchment is distinctively different from that of growth.
The result was that retrenchment was effectively locked-in.
The result is that the electoral benefits of retrenchment are often small while the costs can be large.
The crisis has been manifested in unemployment, retrenchment, hyperinflation, and consequent decline of living standards.
In particular, they have achieved spectacular success in the area of retrenchment.
Transition to the liberal labour model is closely connected to the retrenchment of social welfare.
At the most basic level, the study contributes to a discussion about the variation that exists in social policy retrenchment.
Whereas some commentators warned of neo-liberal retrenchment, others praised the new chances for self-reliant marketdriven provision.
With the 'programme for more growth and employment' in 1996, another attempt was made to reach a budget consolidation by means of fiscal retrenchment programmes.
More likely, they continue, is that the private sector acts to offset the retrenchment (p. 202).
The politics of retrenchment, although revolving around financial losses, acknowledged that financial resources were only one among a variety of possible power resources.
Struggles over retrenchment are likely to be dominated by a limited range of interests.
While retrenchment is often accompanied by restructuring, the reverse is less true.
The essay does not provide a universal theory to explain post-retrenchment politics.
Popular protest against retrenchment that leads to the withdrawal of reform proposals is therefore only the tip of the iceberg.
Today, they are as likely to concern programmatic retrenchment.
In such struggles, programmatic retrenchment that targets specific programs for spending cutbacks typically imposes material losses on specific groups of voters.
The political difficulty of programmatic retrenchment makes this an attractive measure for spending cutbacks.
The central government has been able to make only peripheral headway in programmatic retrenchment.
The coalitions thus seek to manoeuvre in ways other than programmatic retrenchment in order to avoid the scrutiny of voters.
He suggests that the onset of colonialism was not a watershed, or rather cliff edge, but came during a much longer period of retrenchment.
However, the changes can be described as adjustment rather than retrenchment, because population ageing, which reflects demand for pensions, is the most important factor.
In fact, it seems plausible to suggest that retrenchment tends to be accompanied by attempts to restructure the welfare state.
Second, it also shows that attempts at retrenchment in some areas may be accompanied by expansion in others.
Thus, although it is important to examine individual programmes, the inter-dependency between different policy areas can itself create an additional block on welfare state retrenchment.
The linkage of two unpopular policy areas was too weak to withstand retrenchment.
Is there a general movement welfare retrenchment and, if so, why?
First, retrenchment has been more costly financially than was originally expected.
Second, retrenchments have politically been a very difficult proposition for many governments.
Nevertheless, the increase in wages and salaries was made possible, in part, from the retrenchments which took place in the public sector.
On another front, we have noted a slow emergence of a market-oriented civil service despite retrenchments.
Reforms cutting off broader clienteles, such as retrenchments of staff at the lower end of the public hierarchy, seem to be relatively easily carried through.
In addition to retrenchments, many ministerial functions were removed and sometimes placed in semi-autonomous agencies.
Many others have been and are still forced to retire early as a result of illness or corporate and public-sector retrenchments.
Again, these retrenchments impacted more negatively on urban households.
They tried several times to gain parliamentary support for a tax reform and a reform of unemployment benefits including both changes to the financing of the scheme and retrenchments.
The prospect of this kind of consequence would certainly lead to a defensive retrenchment and even anxiety.
They demonstrate the problems and issues in introducing market-based reforms and pensions systems into previous state socialist societies under conditions of economic retrenchment.
Employers could then target women for retrenchment when 'rationalising' the workforce.
A linguistically more interesting path would be to try to control the extent of retrenchment by modularizing the grammar.
How extensive would this retrenchment be in practice?
Failure is not due to overshooting the target (as in superset errors), since the strategy of maximum retrenchment entailed by (dk) prevents that.
Although this article focused on one programme in one welfare state, the analysis has implications for a wider understanding of the politics of welfare retrenchment.
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