| 词汇 | example_english_primer |
| 释义 | Examples of primerThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Of 23 primers assayed, seven yielded a high number of polymorphic bands, sufficient to differentiate worms. Only variable sites are listed in the alignment, and the numbering scheme does not include the primers. Given an almost inexhaustible supply of arbitrary primers there is virtually no limit to the numbers of these markers in a genome. Sequencing was performed in both directions using the amplification primers. To test this hypothesis, amplification was repeated with a new set of primers for each of these loci. Amplification with primers f and g indicated that the deletions did not remove the third and fourth exons. The gene coding for the elastase was amplified using primers specific for the sequence of cercarial elastase and was cloned into a mammalian expression vector. With appropriate primers the method can also be adapted for the recovery from soil of geohelminth eggs of other parasite species. The result obtained with primers 2 and 4 is presented in panels (a) and (b), respectively. The primers were based on the central conserved region and the 5h region of the respective genes [14, 15]. Underlined nucleotides mark the position of the primers. Multiple sequencing primers were used to obtain complete sequence of the 1600-bp fragment with each clone having, on average, 5-fold sequence coverage. With the obtained sequence data new primers were designed to check whether the results could be repeated. The first sequencing reaction is performed using the primers that hybridize to the vector sequence and polymerize the strand complementary to the template. Allele-specific primers differ in the 3kterminal nucleotide to allow the different genotypes to be discriminated (details on request). One explanation for this finding could be related to the sequence characteristics of the molecular beacons and adjacent primers. At least two separate amplifications and independent sequencing reactions were performed per sample with both primers. The specific primers for these polymorphisms have been described elsewhere [32]. Table 1 lists the sequence of primers and conditions. The primers for chick -actin are located on the third and fifth exons and comprise the third and fourth introns (305 and 354 bp, respectively). Firstly, degenerate primers were designed to amplify a small, highly conserved region of the fourth exon. At these dinners the primers arrange a hierarchy of eaters whose contributions to the meal represent their national character and capability. To test this possibility, we amplified the whole ptp1 gene sequence from such isolates, using appropriate primers. Eleven primers were selected and used to study 3-14 isofemale lines from 3-5 geographical populations (table 1). Analyses of data from these seven primers also suggested that intraspecific polymorphisms exist that could be useful in distinguishing populations of screwworms. They were seen not just as library items in the collections of the elites, but used as teaching primers until the early nineteenth century. The two primers, which then were adopted for the definitive study, provided good reproducibility, although the intensity of the bands was variable in some cases. Laboratory techniques included gene amplification using the polymerase chain reaction and specific oligonucleotide primers, and are described in detail elsewhere [21]. The panel of primers developed in this study can be utilized to analyse all genes for comprehensive results. Eight 10-mer oligonucleotides were used as primers. Using both pairs of primers, it was found that the linear model fitted better. Four primers were designed from these sequences for specific amplification of the susceptible and resistant alleles (containing (resistant) or not containing (susceptible) the kdr mutation). Five of the primers proved to be highly polymorphic and were used to screen the entire collection. The two outer primers are those described above, they are not biotype specific and yield a 'control' fragment of 879 bp. However, using earthworm-specific primers, and appropriate temperature gradient conditions, species-specific bands can be resolved (fig. 5) (similar results for aphid not shown). The selective primers selected for this analysis had three additional nucleotides at the 30 end of the preamplification primers and were endlabelled (table 3). The impurities (together with primers, triphosphates, enzymes, etc.) could then be washed off provided that the triplex dissociation kinetics is slow at the washing temperature. More importantly, the assay is biased towards false negatives if less than four primers are used to type each position. The broad low molecular weight band is unused primers. All the primers gave clear and reproducible banding patterns. However, the small number of primers and isolates used precludes wider interpretation of these data. A presence/absence matrix was constructed for each band ampli®ed with the eight primers for each of the isolates analysed. The neighbour-joining cluster tree (dendrogram) is based on 16 primers. If learning to read is not just mapping letters to sounds, the language of primers is of fundamental importance for early reading. The use of a mix of complete and truncated primers appeared to be better for successive cloning steps (our unpublished data). The primers used for the detection of hsp70 were able to amplify transcripts at the expected amplicon size of 488 bp. Good middle-class women could write primers featuring overindulged or ailing bodies with authority and social sanction. Imperial regulation through domestic intervention is represented in the primers as management effected for colonial peoples' own good. Financial and political pressure are the primers needed to give credibility to the development and use of alternatives and adjuncts to nonhuman animals. Out of 140 primers, only 14 (10%) detected polymorphism among the six populations. The new primers were two to three base pairs shorter at the 3 end than the original primers. In the current study, 54 isofemale lines representing all eight geographical populations were surveyed using these primers (table 1). Four random decamer primers were used to evaluate genetic variation among the populations examined. Intrapopulational polymorphism varied considerably among populations and primers. A total of 35 reproducible and well-resolved bands, ascribed to 'loci', were scored for the six populations with all primers used. One hundred and fifteen reproducible bands from eight primers were obtained. At the same time, the primers developed are useful for other psyllid pests. Positions of the primers used and their names are shown as labelled arrowheads. Sections include cloning protocols, the nature of microsatellite mutation, the interpretation of gels, and the use of primers for amplifying loci conserved across species. Moreover, the information covering the cognate social and ethical issues will undoubtedly provide excellent primers for class discussions on these important topics. The forward and reverse primers are on the first and second lines respectively. Element number is usually assessed using heterologous probes or primers. The study illustrates the possibility of applying primers with separate dyes. Using the sequence determined via gene-walking it was also possible to design internal sequencing primers. The sequences of these primers are listed below. Both outer and inner nested primers were designed in the flanking region of the mini-satellite repeat. Both strands of the clones were sequenced with the general primers of the vector and amplicons with the sequencespecific primers mentioned above. Labelled primers require four separate reactions while labelled terminators only one. The oligonucleotide probe was selected from the 75 bp fragment without the primers necessary for its amplification. The sequence identity found (over 96 %) facilitated the design of the primers. The number of cycles was chosen to lie in the linear portion of the curve for each set of primers. The orientations of primers used for cloning of its three fragments are marked above. Sequencing primers were the same ones that were used for amplification. The sequences of the two genes were compared and specific primers were designed. We have found the stepdown protocol consistently produces high-quality genotypes with most of the primers. Primers 2 and 4 were used, and the results obtained with the two primers were essentially similar. Amplification of the target sequences was carried out using primers and conditions previously described. Table 1 lists the characteristics of these primers. Sequencing reaction mixtures were primed with a series of customsynthesized primers. Each of these primers contains a 5k linker region, intended to normalize their annealing kinetics, adjacent to the 3k, gene-specific sequence. Sequencing was performed in both directions using the cited primers. Custom scripts were used to manually order primers to generate a further round of sequencing. The primers used in each amplification are as follows. The resulting sequences were compared with the original database sequence used to design the primers. All exons of the chimpanzee were amplified and sequenced using the same primers used to amplify and sequence the human exons. Initially the primers were used to prepare amplicons of dystrophin exons for direct sequencing. Such primers allow the amplification of the same region from a diverse range of taxa facilitating parallel research studies in new organisms. The species-specific primers that have been identified in this study will enable a non-specialist to identify the target species at any developmental stage. The other primers either failed to produce any band or did not give satisfactory products with most of the insects examined. Of the 120 arbitrary primers screened, 21 primers produced markers that were further investigated. Emotions become secondary phenomena in the one-dimensional account, mere primers or consequences of cognition. Between 1960 and 1963 pre-primers ranged from 54 to 83; primers from 113 to 173. By adding more primers to the study, the discriminatory power of this technique might have been further improved. The choice and number of primers is critical and affects the discriminatory power of the test. In the present study, the primers were first investigated in a preliminary study. The sequences that hybridize with the primers are indicated in italics. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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