| 词汇 | example_english_premium |
| 释义 | Examples of premiumThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In other words, demand for organically grown food declines sharply with premiums above 20%73. He shared his father's desperation, the desperation of a small man who watched big producers monopolize the state patents and premiums that eluded him. In addition, premiums tend to increase with (combinations of) preferred attributes. The point is that uniform premiums within type of plan are not compatible with this type of innovation either. However, risk-based premiums are determined by many risk factors, not all of which society may want to use for determining the subsidies. Thus, focus is on efficiency because uniform premiums need not guarantee equity. Many combinations of the premiums and strategies are possible and many have been tried. Many participants were willing to pay for the price premiums associated with organic food. Lower organic price premiums can be correlated directly not only with increases in plantings and production, but also with industry consolidation11. As reinsurance premiums are booked separately, we would have expected lower costs. Over the 1990s average marketing costs varied from 3-6 % of premiums across years and in 2001 they ranged from 2.5-4 % across companies. Other candidates to include as explanatory variables are actuarial variables like mortality, surrender intensity, and other parameters which also affect the determination of premiums. Employers can insure against sickness absence with private insurers, who levy experience-rated premiums. Of interest, 50.2% said they would be willing to pay higher premiums to be sure everyone who needed a transplant received one. Because 0 is unrestricted, the level and term premiums affect the local variance of all three yields. The organic price premiums reported in this study appear quite large for some produce and additional research of these high price premiums is recommended. A decrease in administrative costs might result, for example, if an organization improves its quality of care and thus reduces its premiums for malpractice insurance. There would be sharing in the cost of premiums (no more than 15% of the cost) by consumers to encourage cost-conscious choice of insurers. A short-sighted perspective, in which risk reduction is pursued only for the sake of stabilizing insurance premiums or for reducing public fear, is insufficient. Certainly, those choosing among health plans will be interested in knowing the availability of various health technologies in relation to their premiums and co-payments. Alternatively, there would be a market demand for health plans that offered reduced critical care at lower premiums. In 1725 provincial insurance accounted for only just over 6 per cent of national totals of both premiums and the value of insured property. Except for peppers and strawberries, we found the organic price premiums to converge in the 13-21 cents-per-pound range among the fresh produce studied. Additionally, price premiums helped offset the greater costs of organic production, and their loss has hurt many of the small and mid-sized organic apple operations. However, in history, good currencies rarely disappeared but continuously circulated with premiums against bad currencies. Many thought price premiums are also justified because they perceived organic products to be healthier, more nutritious and more delicious. The discounts and premiums implied by the arbitrage indices are the difference between the index for the spot market and the futures. Under this strategy, insurers are completely free to ask risk-rated premiums and to refuse or accept high-risk consumers. Medigap premiums are affected by two sets of factors: the selection of enrollees who purchase coverage, and a variety of area factors. Still, this uniformity of benefits does not imply uniformity of premiums because probabilities of different illness states may differ between individuals. However, uniform, age-independent premiums force young families to (a) save for their own old age, but also (b) cross-subsidize some wealthy old individuals. The main concern with risk-based premiums is of course equity. The parameters of the rule depend on individual characteristics, implying that uniform premiums once more cannot be optimal. The enrolee wants insurers to believe that she represents a low risk in order to gain lower premiums. Under all three methods, insurers can increase premiums each year to reflect increases in their expected costs. Already, plans have responded by decreasing the premiums charged to beneficiaries, which has encouraged more to enroll. With higher organic price premiums, the variability in net returns was higher, but the mean return was also higher. Overall, the signs and magnitudes of the organic price premiums obtained in this study appear to be reasonable and plausible. The percentages of organic premiums relative to conventional prices are 36% for bananas and 82% for potatoes. Majorities will favour this arrangement when the benefits of paying the insurance premiums exceed the costs. Therefore, insurers have to charge sufficiently high premiums to survive. Therefore, annuity providers may be willing to pay higher annuity rates for larger premiums, just like banks pay higher interest rates for larger deposits. If the cumulated value of premiums is insufficient to cover the cumulated value of claims, the insurance firm faces insolvency. The industry grew rapidly, and the annuity part grew fastest of all - whether measured by premiums, payouts or reserves. He profited handsomely from knowing when bond premiums would be paid, which always caused a spike in the price of state bonds. The result of this is that the very talented are able to pay insurance premiums lower than the amount at which they can earn. From their budget, the blood banks have to pay the insurance premiums for civil liability. In addition, unemployment insurance pays the health insurance premiums for the unemployed, and the public pension scheme, part of the premiums of retired persons. They will raise employee pension premiums from the current 13.58% of annual income to 18.3% in 2017. Market share is measured by the stock of reserves, rather than the flows of new annuity policies or flows of annuity premiums. Second, the untalented (who include those in the middle range) would envy the talented, who would have more choices, because of the lower premiums. The food industry introduced organic premiums on several products, milk and beef included, in 1996. An 'ignorant' symmetric information equilibrium may therefore result, with neither enrolee nor insurer having genetic information which may be relevant to premiums. Savings, retirement allowances and insurance premiums are after pensions the most commonly mentioned sources of income in old age. Advertising is undertaken to attract and sustain the loyalty of carefully selected, low-risk groups, known as "revenue bodies," to whom the cheaper premiums are offered. Moreover, these schemes may cause inflation in insurance premiums, so society has to weigh the solidarity-gains with the efficiency-losses caused by its adoption. Conversely, uniformity of premiums causes efficiency losses originating from non-optimal behaviour of the insured. Such subsidies would be less than 100% and related to the insurance risk, as the unsubsidised, competitive premiums would reflect individual risk. Differences in health insurance premiums may result from differences in all these risk factors. Again, this is at odds with full uniformity of premiums. Another point of criticism is that, in our proposal, subsidies are means tested, inviting young individuals not to provide for future higher health insurance premiums. However, such households are likely to have a high marginal utility of income, and thus their incentive to seek out low premiums will be preserved. However, none of them has waived its right to calculate risk-related premiums. In particular, expense risks originate from the behaviour of insurer's expenses compared with the income from expense loadings included in the premiums. In exchange, social security premiums and other levies were lowered to prop up buying power. Personal insurance providers were known to extract rents by overcalculating premiums for personal insurance in relation to risk. The incomebased insurance premiums the individual was to pay became a special tax earmarked for pensions and thus an integral part of the taxation system. He did not know that he himself failed to pay the premiums. They could be explained if, in equilibrium, risk premiums required by investors vary through time. The system of official support and premiums was bound to encourage uneconomical, speculative undertakings, even when conditions for normal profitability did not exist. Aggressive use of the lockout probably elevated workers' desire to join these well-disciplined unions: their dues doubled as lockout insurance premiums. At the heart of his proposal was a requirement that employers pay a portion of the health insurance premiums for their workers. Nevertheless, a cultivar marketed through the right channels, at the right time, will likely receive adequate price premiums. Limited product range, high price premiums and lack of availability of organic foods in conventional supermarkets are also thought to be important factors limiting demand9,12. Furthermore, organic price premiums over conventionally produced food have been maintained40, indicating that demand has been increasing at a faster rate than supply. While organic farming may be a lifestyle choice, economic benefits exist from the premiums often received for organic produce36. In addition, as indicated earlier, environmentalists may be willing to pay price premiums to support local organic producers. On the other hand, premiums tend to increase with (combinations of) preferred attributes. However, the reported organic price premiums that consumers are willing to pay differ substantially among various studies. The most profitable organic rotation required high price premiums to dominate the most profitable conventional rotation. When organic price premiums were included, on- and off-farm income increased in three of the five regions. How do consumers feel about the price premiums generally required of organic foods? Voluntary premiums paid by individuals for health insurance are currently tax-deductible at the standard tax rate. Even desisters are responsible for a proportion of costs attached to these through insurance premiums, security measures, replacement of property, suffering, hospitalization, and revalidation. Under imperfect insurance and credit markets, these premiums may be regarded as legitimate transfers. There is some nice work here on status as reflected by premiums and the social backgrounds of young beginners. An alternative of extracting market premiums for good environmental practices has had only limited success and is difficult to apply universally to remedy general problems. Costs rose and premiums were difficult to increase. Eventually, magazine publishers began to capitalize on the association between chromolithography and female consumers, using color prints as free advertising premiums to attract new subscribers. Mayors also felt it would be too burdensome to collect insurance premiums from elderly residents 65 years and older. In addition, for the following month, the premiums of this group would be cut in half. Areas are defined as the geographic region over which the insurers set premiums. To illustrate the calculation for the first column, the numerator is calculated by dividing the coefficient by mean premiums 1⁄4 0.0067. In effect, the lowered premiums, enriched benefit packages, and reduced cost-sharing characteristic of early managed care products could no longer be 'financed' by provider discounts. The equivalence principle refers to the fact that, without external interventions, a competitive health insurance market tends to the use of riskadjusted premiums. Such costs could be quantitatively important in assessing the relative merits of any move to risk-based premiums with in-built subsidies. Is there a case for risk-based premiums in health care insurance? In addition, in the case of risk-based premiums, subsidies at least depend on market premiums rather than on political negotiations. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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