| 词汇 | example_english_preload |
| 释义 | Examples of preloadThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Central blood volume (preload) is maintained by the muscular venous pump. In these circumstances, both cardiac and pulmonary function may be improved by reducing pulmonary edema and the preload on the heart. This could be avoided by keeping a watchful eye on the size of the exposed heart and keeping the preload constant at all times. The ability to increase stroke volume with exercise was shown by multivariate analysis to be related to the preload of the right ventricle. Increased preload is known to augment fiber shortening and, therefore, fractional shortening. The stress-shortening relation has been used as an index of contractility by a number of authors66"68 without adjustment for preload effects. The approach which we have adopted is based on the assumption that percent fiber shortening is determined by afterload, preload, and contractility. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. In the latter, useless right ventricular dilatation may result from a "retrograde" preload in response to pulmonary regurgitation. This is achieved by increase in cardiac rate and contractility, maintenance of preload, and reduction of afterload. Furthermore, because the total effect of preload on shortening is considered, both preload-induced alterations in contractility and direct mechanical effects are included in the analysis. Understandably, the reduction in preload may reduce stroke volume and cardiac output. This increase may be partially offset by a compensatory increase in mean atrial pressure (preload). The improvement in intervillous -ow observed following epidural analgesia with local anaesthetic during labour28 is not the result of a large intravenous preload. This is probably due to reduced ventricular preload. We conclude that in the newborn heart, atrial contraction is important to enhance ventricular function, and that it does this only by increasing preload. Enhancement of cardiac output by preload in the newborn will be thus be less successful. Additionally, obstructive valvular disease can be detected, as can other factors influencing the left ventricular preload. This could be due to increased blood volume (preload), increased resistance (afterload) or both. Thus, the stress-shortening relation fails to distinguish the effects of altered preload from altered contractility. This simplification can be justified when the effects of preload are unlikely to be significant. These observations concerning heart rate, preload, and afterload, indicate that the fetal heart has limited functional reserve. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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