| 词汇 | example_english_poverty-line |
| 释义 | Examples of poverty lineThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In comparison, the minimum wage in 1968 brought a threeperson family to 120 per cent of the povertyline. If they had two children, that income would have been $2,126 above the povertyline of $17,650. One significant finding of this is that 20% of children live below the national povertyline. There are many ways of calculating a povertyline. This might suggest that the calculation of the povertyline at 25 yen was favourable to the poor. However, as the results in table 3 illustrate, the increase in income is insufficient to get them over the povertyline. However, it accords a greater weight to poor individuals who are further away from the povertyline. The proportion of people below the povertyline declined from 60 per cent to around 11 per cent from 1970 to 1996. Families below the federal povertyline, or receiving government assistance or with an unemployed principal wage earner, are classified as experiencing economic disadvantage. Thus, only older individuals with an additional source of income will be able to attain a standard of living above the povertyline. It is such that individuals dependent entirely on these benefits will remain below the povertyline. Firstly, the amount of income a household would receive from government taxes and transfers if it was around the povertyline was set to zero. To protect the elderly from living below the povertyline, a complementary public assistance scheme was introduced. There was also a rise in the fraction of households below the povertyline, if poverty is defined in terms of relative incomes. In the discussion, we refer predominantly to the administrative povertyline numbers. They ensure that workers eligible for the public benefit are kept well above the povertyline in old age. To keep retirees above the povertyline, this is substantially supplemented by means-tested benefits that are targeted at low earners. That is, the composition effects on increase in inequality and poverty alleviation are robust to the choice of distributional indices and povertyline. For instance, a poverty gap of 10 percent means that the average poor person's expenditures are 90 percent of the povertyline. However, in some rural environments all households live below the national povertyline, but are still heterogeneous in terms of their assets, income and entitlements. All children lived at or below the povertyline. Over the last half-century, there has been a decline in the proportion of retired people at or below the povertyline. As this article includes periods in which the absolute povertyline was not calculated, the relative concept of poverty must therefore be employed. Given that most people in the informal sector are below the povertyline, retirement and social security benefits are virtually non-existent. In fact, the proportion of the population living below the povertyline remained high. It is also important to note that in the population as a whole, almost 40 per cent live below the povertyline. Unifying the povertyline : a critique of maintaining lower poverty standards for the elderly. Poverty is most severe in the countryside, where about 40% of the population lives below the basic needs povertyline. The revenues the pastoralists receive under this scenario pushes them well above the povertyline. In addition, when combined with some assessment of the povertyline, the data facilitate an approximate estimation of the absolute numbers of those in poverty. This index measures in percentage terms how far the average expenditures of the poor fall short of the povertyline. He knows how to win the loyalty of the vast majority who live under the povertyline. In calculating the povertyline, however, we followed convention and used the entire population. If citizens fall below the povertyline prior to transfers, they are more likely to be lifted out of poverty by social benefits than migrants. The object is to ensure a minimum living standard above the povertyline for all old people. They shared her husband's pension (470 pesos, equivalent to £55 a month), and their per capita income was below the official povertyline (£45). This means that the percentage of persons below the povertyline would rise from 77 per cent to 81 per cent. Poverty-stricken villagers have traditionally used this right as a means to stay above the povertyline. Although families living under the povertyline were oversampled, the sample is also overrepresented by higher income families. As in most comparative studies, we use 50 per cent of the median income adjusted to family size as the povertyline. Poverty was reduced from 48% to 13%, and the distance of those below the povertyline closed substantially. However, the fact remains that clients who predominantly live below the povertyline, depend on the rulers (patrons) for access to resources. However, this approach ignores the amounts by which the expenditures of the poor fall short of the povertyline. In this paper we adopt a standard, if conservative, figure as the amount of income people need to access - namely, the povertyline. In 1997 the minimum wage brought a three-person family to 83 per cent of the povertyline. Thus, the increase in inequality and poverty alleviation during growth are robust to the choice of numeric indices of inequality and poverty and also to the choice of povertyline. Thus, for example, we calculate the povertyline on the basis of household income after taxes have been paid and after welfare benefits have been received. A status of higher socioeconomic risk was given to adolescents who resided in an urban environment and had a family income at or below 200% of the povertyline. Similarly, the headcount measure does not increase if only those below the povertyline face a negative shock that decreases their income, no matter how severe this shock might be. Why should the cutoff for the group to be favored be the mean, as opposed to the median, 50% of the median, or some independently defined povertyline? On the average, 56% of the participants in each sample lived in neighborhoods where 20% or more of the nonelderly poor lived below the official povertyline. In this instance, when deprivation is falling markedly many people may not regard rising numbers falling below a relative povertyline as an unambiguous increase in poverty. The appeal to the mean as a reference point is similar in many ways to the appeal to a specified povertyline used in the measurement of poverty. In the case of the vague predicate "poor," for example, a single povertyline which separates the poor from the non-poor is often selected for the purposes of government policy. The headcount measure of poverty does not change if the incomes of very poor individuals increase but not enough to put them above the povertyline. For example, the vast majority of research on neighborhood effects has operationalized poor or disadvantaged neighborhoods as neighborhoods with over 40% of residents below the povertyline. Table 1 shows how poverty is distributed across the various profiles in the 11 countries for which data are available, using the 60 per cent of median income povertyline. As is the case for mathematics scores, children whose families moved from below to above the povertyline during this period are most similar to those who were never poor. We define an acceptable standard of living as a standard above the povertyline, and adopt a relative approach in measuring income poverty among migrants and citizens. The difference between the two provides a measure of the effectiveness of transfers in lifting people above the povertyline, and the decommodifying effects of social policies. It compares the income per capita of a household with the cost of a basic basket of goods for consumption, creating through this method an extreme povertyline. While some 300 million people are still below the povertyline, in percentage terms people in that unfortunate position have fallen from some 53% to about 30% in rural areas. However, 'just above the povertyline' highlights the high degree of vulnerability this group finds itself in, being forced into destitution at the slightest disruption to their income stream. To represent the degree of poverty for each community, we used the poverty gap, which is the difference between the povertyline and the real private consumption per adult equivalent. Why should the cutoff, below which efficiency has priority, be the mean, as opposed to the median, 50% of the median, or some independently defined povertyline? However, children whose families slid from above the povertyline into poverty - and particularly those who ended up on welfare - have the worst outcomes of any subgroup. Poverty researchers are primarily concerned with how much or little money people have to spend, over and above the povertyline of what is required for bare subsistence. There is a higher incidence of migrant households below the povertyline compared with citizen households, and ethnic minority migrant households are even more vulnerable to poverty. It is in this sense that we use decommodification, and we define an acceptable standard of living in minimal terms: a standard above the povertyline. This sample was used in the calculation of various figures relating to notions of necessity: the povertyline; necessary time in unpaid household labour; and necessary time in personal care. In the following, we will be mainly concerned with absolute poverty, defined as a shortfall in welfare below a commonly defined standard, for instance a national povertyline. At the same time, a very large sector of the population continues to live below the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Do we want to increase this already worrying number of people who are living on the povertyline? From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English People are living well below the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Is that the average standard of living which is used to calculate the povertyline? From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English They are poor people, and most of them are below the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English They are living either below or on the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Statistics indicate that by 2005, 30% will be approaching the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Of the approximately 1.5 billion people who live under the povertyline, 70% are women. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Discrepancies in income have grown wildly and half the population lives below the povertyline. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Thirty per cent of its people live below the povertyline and human rights are openly violated. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English The number of women living below the povertyline has risen by 50% since the 1970s, while that of men has grown by 30%. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English The number of known families with children living below the povertyline has increased enormously over the past few years. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 What does he intend to do about the 3 million children who are now living on or below the povertyline? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 How many disabled people will still be below the povertyline in spite of today's minor improvements? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Why should people who bust a gut all their lives working to create wealth have to live on the povertyline when they retire? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There are difficulties over student incomes, which are revealed when one discusses the position of those below the povertyline or on supplementary benefit. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Any further large increases in rail fares will have a catastrophic effect on living standards and will drive people well below the povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 They have been receiving wages below the povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I simply said that neither is she on the povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I make a last appeal that this course will be adopted and this further concession made to the people on the povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 In the conditions under which we are living to-day, when whole areas of people are admittedly below the povertyline, the situation is becoming desperate. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We are trying to establish a single povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 It is estimated that a quarter of a million children are living below the povertyline. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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