| 词汇 | example_english_poultry |
| 释义 | Examples of poultryThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Will a population raised entirely in vitro, and therefore adapted to these conditions, be representative of poultry house mites ? Live vaccines have been tested extensively in mice and also in poultry. Cloacal swabs, as used in the present study, are fundamentally an estimate to detect campylobacter colonization in broiler poultry flocks [19]. Ownership of small stock (sheep, goats, poultry) is almost universal, while cattle ownership is limited to the wealthy households. Despite the species specificity of avian poxviruses, infections in populations of wild birds could present a risk for poultry [7]. The old smallholders, commoners with typically twenty sheep, poultry and a few cattle, who were still utilising their rights, have died or left the common. An infestation might well damage poultry farms and fisheries, but it was for the industries to protect their stock as best they could. Among the four systems compared, a system with cover crop, poultry manure, and no-till faired the best. Most of it is petty crime, chiefly thefts of hogs and poultry, but there are also a good many crimes against women. Poultry may have been ubiquitous, but they still had a cultural origin in a (historical) process of plantation. Treatments include ammonium nitrate (closed circles), sulphur-coated urea (open circles), composted dairy manure (closed triangles), and poultry litter (open triangles). Like sulphur-coated urea, composted dairy manure and poultry litter are considered slow release fertilizers. The result further suggests that the positive benefit of no-till can be realized only when it is used with poultry litter. Since poultry litter supplies nutrients and improves soil properties, these effects become more evident when it is combined with no-till. Improved grower/integrator relations would enhance the poultry industry. However, the high costs incurred would put the national poultry industry at a financial disadvantage in comparison with countries which do not introduce such measures. While the poultry industry has been vertically integrated for some time, other agricultural products are also moving in this direction. However, undercooked poultry or poultry products are considered to be a major source playing an important role in human campylobacteriosis [10 -14]. Consumption of poultry and poultry products have in most studies been identified as risk factors [10-15]. Poultry products constitute a major source of infection for humans [2], and over the years various serotypes have emerged in poultry populations. Along small rivers it is commonplace that poultry die from polluted water and fodder. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to free poultry houses of mites once an infestation has occurred. Quinolone resistance in campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. As a result of this they contaminate poultry carcases and enter the human food chain. The food isolates consisted of 43 samples of cooked meats, 20 egg isolates and 34 poultry isolates. Subsequent public health interventions reduced, but did not eliminate, transmission of poultry-associated salmonellosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the genetical relationship between nalidixic acid-resistant campylobacter isolates from humans and domestic poultry isolates. The most frequently identified sources of outbreaks of campylobacter are untreated water, contaminated milk and poultry [8]. Poultry faeces found on well cover and birds feeding near churn. Eating and handling of contaminated poultry have been recognized as important risk factors for human infection [2-4]. Recent studies have linked drug resistance in enteric bacteria to the widespread use of antibiotics in poultry farming [7, 26]. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that most of the serotype 2 strains found in the poultry and cattle reservoirs are pathogenic to humans. Although resistant strains were identified from different sources, most of the multiresistant isolates (48.4 %) originated from poultry. In addition, one of these profiles was detected in two infected poultry farms. The boys were mostly engaged in livestock/poultry-raising (584%) or agricultural activities (294%). Certainly this would be in agreement with some poultry survey results [6]. There are other estimates that put the number of sheep, goats, equines, camels and poultry at a higher level. Throughout his work he sought the most efficient way to manage poultry for human purposes, given the natural habits and needs of the birds. Finally, the traditional public health message about salmonella has focused on the safe handling and cooking of raw poultry meat and eggs. Nutrient losses in surface and subsurface flow from pasture applied poultry litter and composted poultry litter. Huge amounts of organic materials are in the form of farm waste, city waste, sewage sludge, poultry litter and agro-industrial wastes1,2. By the molecular fingerprinting methods, the present study provided evidence that domestic poultry products are important sources of human infections associated with quinolone-resistant campylobacters. The main technical exception to my overall generalization is in poultry production. On the other hand, the girls were mostly servants/cooking helpers (563%) or livestock/poultry workers (383%). Additionally, the poultry farmers began to improve biological security measures in an attempt to control spread of the organism from the environment to the flocks. Minor products, such as poultry, belonged to the tenant, who did, however, often have to supply the landlord's kitchen with a given amount of produce. There are also inhabitants who own or work on ranches that produce beef, milk and poultry. At the industry level, changes in the poultry, swine and beef industries have resulted in concentration, both in terms of decision-making and geography. Almost all households kept goats, sheep and poultry. Significantly, a large proportion of meat and dairy products are produced by large operations where livestock and poultry are raised in confinement. With regard to ciprofloxacin resistance, type 3 comprised resistant poultry isolates and resistant as well as sensitive clinical isolates. Scanning electron microscopy of poultry coccidia after in vitro excystation and penetration of cultured cells. Outbreaks of campylobacter have primarily been linked to water [5], inadequately pasteurized milk [6] and poultry [7]. Five prevailing ones were found among 76 (54 %) human isolates, while 6 were found among 41 (55 %) poultry isolates. A number of studies, however, have shown consumption of some types of poultry to have a protective effect [6, 7, 18]. Many new customers expressed the desire to raise poultry to become more self-sufficient and less reliant on commercial sources for food. Researchers report that a majority of human campylobacteriosis is associated with poultry [3-10]. In this investigation, fortunately or unfortunately, the vast majority of poultry isolates fell in the nonzooanthroponotic subset. Despite human campylobacteriosis being attributed to poultry in 50-70 % of cases [41], the relationship demonstrated here is a negative correlation. In epidemiological studies handling or eating poultry have been shown to be significant risk factors for human infections [3, 4]. The majority (65 %) of chicken isolates had subtypes also present in the poultry food samples. Fluoroquinolones are commonly used in poultry medicine both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Compared to the prevalence of resistance among poultry in other countries this figure 1 is low [14]. In most cases, a single resistance was observed and concerned 89% of nalidixic acid-resistant strains for the poultry sector in 2000. Resistance to ofloxacin also appeared in 2000 among human and poultry isolates. Data from previous studies on the seasonality of campylobacter in poultry and humans leave many questions unanswered. Chicken-like robots have been mentioned, to be used to stimulate poultry. The garden also contained all the apparatus required for self-sufficient cultivation: a tool shed, a fruit room, poultry house, and compost ground. Ruminants can utilize low quality forages while swine and poultry are good grain scavengers. 242 and limited availability of conventional feed ingredients have resulted in the production of poultry feeds that are mostly of questionable quality. Women also engage in other economic activities, such as food processing, trading, sewing, selling clothes and poultry farming. Poultry litter was applied at the rate of 2 tons per acre to supply 60 pounds of available nitrogen per acre by spreading at planting. Contaminated and poorly cooked poultry products and raw milk are considered the major sources of human infection [4-6]. Under these circumstances, there is an obvious urgent need for efficient control measures to be put in place in the poultry production chain. Prospects for ' competitive exclusion ' treatment to control salmonellosis and other foodborne pathogens in poultry. Tests have shown chromium residues in poultry feed. Few mutants have been tested in poultry [85], but the relevance of murine studies to poultry is questionable. The speciation and subtyping of campylobacter isolates from sewage plants and waste water from a connected poultry abattoir using molecular techniques. The frequency of activities like vegetable growing and poultry farming among the old guard was high. The old guard tended to have a more diverse enterprise mix, and various crops, livestock and poultry to make the farm a self-sustained environment. Production contracts are common in poultry and hog operations. Though domesticated for (agri-)culture and bred for the fancy, he always regarded poultry as essentially natural creatures. Eggs were added to 250 g poultry-mash diet in a 940-ml glass jar. Nitrogen was applied in the form of poultry litter at a rate of 2 tons per acre. Poultry litter was spread on the field using a poultry litter spreader. In our study, four subgroups containing poultry as well as human isolates were observed. Several researchers attribute this pattern to the introduction of quinolones in poultry production. Contaminated raw milk, drinking water and poultry are considered to be the main sources of infection, both in outbreaks and in sporadic cases. The proportion of susceptible isolates from the poultry sector steadily decreased during the 1993-2000 period. However, since the mid-1980s, commercial poultry farming has increased and became another important industry. During this time period, the public demand for poultry products increased. Improved hygiene management during transport of broilers and in some slaughterhouses can significantly reduce the risk of salmonella contamination of poultry meat. Finding salmonella in a poultry facility is far from surprising with the percentage of infected facilities ranging from 42-77 % based on environmental sample collection. Among them, 65 genotypes were found only in human isolates, while another 36 were found only in poultry. The data implied that nearly 40 % of human isolates may derive from poultry sources. The data supported the notion that poultry products are important food reservoirs of campylobacters for the infection in humans. The study included a total of 7 different hatcheries, 17 different poultry houses on 17 different farms and 9 different slaughterhouses. The distribution of different serotypes is unequal in humans and poultry, and the different serotypes in poultry are probably not equally pathogenic for humans. In the same period 172 900 tons of poultry meat were produced. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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