| 词汇 | example_english_polyp |
| 释义 | Examples of polypThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Once adenomatous polyps are detected, the person exits the model. When test results were positive, a follow-up colonoscopy was assumed regardless of the polyp size. Her past medical history included hypercholesterolaemia, hypothyroidism (partial thyroidectomy), and surgery for a benign ovarian tumor and uterine polyps some 38 years ago. This study particularly addressed this issue, using a disease model that captured the uncertainty associated with polyp dwell time. The length of time in surveillance and the frequency of tests depended upon the size and type of polyp (38). As demonstrated by sensitivity analyses, the dynamics of polyp-cancer transition have significant effect upon the magnitude of the cost:effectiveness ratios. At-risk relatives exit the model when adenomatous polyps are identified. Persons who were found to have polyps underwent transition to a surveillance group after polyps were removed. For adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps, initial probabilities were estimated to be 25% and 5%, respectively (34;38). Early detection of polyps and cancer can also reduce eventual treatment costs. The assumption made for polyp dwell time critically affected the attractiveness of alternative screening strategies. The effectiveness of screening average-risk persons is derived from early detection of cancer and removal of polyps, lowering the incidence of cancer and cancer-related deaths. Measures of test sensitivity, which varied by polyp size, and test specificity determined the success or failure of screening tests. For small polyps, only one-tenth of those probabilities was used (38). This study significantly extended earlier work in terms of the assumptions regarding polyp dwell time and post-polypectomy surveillance. Accordingly, alternative models of dwell time in which polyps turned to cancer after a fixed length of time (34) were explored in sensitivity analysis. The first 20 years of dwell time for adenomatous polyps were modeled extensively using 10 states of 2-year duration. While polyp dwell time is not known with certainty, it holds the key to successful screening. It is important to note that sensitivity and specificity values could vary, depending upon the polyp size, and between polyps and cancer. A higher probability of developing polyps was assigned to the surveillance group than to those with no prior polyps (screening). In essence, this model used a 45% reachadjusted sensitivity parameter if polyps were distributed equally between distal and proximal colons. Future studies should also consider patient quality of life and societal impacts arising from adenomatous polyps, colorectal cancer, and screening interventions (16). Approximately 30% of persons develop some type of colonic polyp by age 50 (34). This study developed an elaborate model by which polyps may lead to colorectal cancer, compared alternative screening strategies, and conducted extensive sensitivity analyses. This approach invariably overestimated the effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy since the calculation ignored the fact that in repeated tests proximal polyps would continue to be undetected. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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