| 词汇 | example_english_polymorphism |
| 释义 | Examples of polymorphismThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The present study evaluated the genetic diversity, structure and differentiation in a grape germplasm collection using polymorphisms at eight microsatellite loci. Interestingly, patterns of polymorphisms in pfcrt have been correlated with geographical location. In total, 70 % of unique polymorphisms checked in a second clone were confirmed as true polymorphisms. In this review, we discuss the currently known polymorphisms in helminths generally, and then proceed to consider the filarial nematodes in particular. Characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Table 1 lists the platelet glycoprotein antigen polymorphisms and their relation to clinical disease. The possible functional implications of the analysed polymorphisms are considered. Accounting for human polymorphisms predicted to affect protein function. Contrasting evolutionary forces driving population structure at expressed sequence tag polymorphisms, allozymes and quantitative traits in white spruce. Only biallelic polymorphisms (both point mutations and indels) are included. While this obviously means that most polymorphisms are non-lethal, they could still have subtle implications for human health. Testing for these polymorphisms is relatively simple and cheap. None of the polymorphisms was shared or fixed between the two chromosomal types. Genetic load in natural populations : is it compatible with the hypothesis that many polymorphisms are maintained by natural selection ? Instead, neutrality tests produced significantly negative test statistics, reflecting an excess of singleton polymorphisms. Thus, restriction pattern polymorphisms can be used to track the (vertical) transmission of a particular virus or to distinguish between reactivation and reinfection. Lastly, if our ongoing studies show maternal polymorphisms are involved, then prenatal gene therapy may be a future goal for prevention. The reported associations between inherited thrombophilic and cytokine polymorphisms and adverse outcomes need to be confirmed in further large-scale studies. In this paper we explore evolutionary paths from single equilibria to higher-order attractors and the existence of polymorphisms that do not arise from equilibria. Here we report nucleotide polymorphisms in the introns of the gene that are being used to pinpoint the recombination hotspot. Construction of genetic linkage maps in maize and tomato using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Even under the simple model of an instantaneous speciation event, ancestral polymorphisms are shared between the two separate groups. Personality and polymorphisms of gene involved in aminergic neurotransmission. Analyses of data from these seven primers also suggested that intraspecific polymorphisms exist that could be useful in distinguishing populations of screwworms. Geographically isolated populations of an insect species may show limited gene flow and consequently strong genetic polymorphisms. All enzymes produced banding patterns and all cutting sites polymorphisms. The histocompatibility antigens provide the most striking examples of associations between human polymorphisms and diseases. Promoter polymorphisms have functional consequences by virtue of quantitative effects on expression of the gene. Although the occurrence of mixed infection is rare, this strategy ensured that all polymorphisms detected came from a single clone. Moreover, cancer susceptibility and severity may be associated with functional polymorphisms of inflammatory cytokine genes. Thus, it seems reasonable to conclude that this unusual combination of polymorphisms is itself an inactivating mutation or it is tightly linked to one. The discovery of additional blood groups, and perhaps more important, the discovery of polymorphisms other than blood groups, has been growing at a rapid pace. No evidence was found to implicate the other polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between affected and unaffected siblings on the genetic polymorphisms studied. The first three chapters deal with basic genetics: pitfalls and problems in genetic studies, polymorphisms and the distinction between linkage and association. Thus, the only firm conclusion is that these two inversions are unlikely to be ancient polymorphisms. All three polymorphisms are presumably more recent than the divergence of humans and great apes. Studies such as these place greater urgency on defining the precise structural polymorphisms at the amino acid sequence level. The study of helminth protein polymorphisms has been hindered by three issues. Moreover, gene polymorphisms that affect function might contribute to the triggering of autoimmune disease by as-yet-unknown mechanisms. Improved set of short-tandem-repeat polymorphisms for screening the human genome. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. However, locally stable polymorphisms are possible even if all double homozygotes have higher geometric mean fitnesses than all other genotypes. Genetic mutations or polymorphisms can result in a variety of aberrant protein products. Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant defense enzymes and susceptibility to breast cancer. Drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms predict clinical outcome in a node-positive breast cancer cohort. In a strict definition, a breast cancer gene is a gene in which germline mutations or polymorphisms confer increased susceptibility to breast cancer. An ancient founder effect for this mutation was demonstrated by haplotyping with microsatellite markers and intragenic polymorphisms. Background selection can eliminate linked neutral polymorphisms when deleterious recessive mutations reach appreciable frequency before removal. Indeed, most genetic polymorphisms used in population genetic studies are assumed to be neutral and affected mainly by both mutation and genetic drift. A rapid method of scoring simple sequence repeat polymorphisms with agarose-gel electrophoresis. We explore whether there is a continuous range of allelic types that can create such polymorphisms. There is, nevertheless, evidence for 11 shared polymorphisms in this chromosomal region, which suggests some recombination between the two chromosomal forms. Finally, the two samples share nine polymorphisms and there are no fixed differences between them. The frequency spectrum of mutations showed a significant excess of rare polymorphisms and an unexpectedly frequent major haplotype. Hitch-hiking could show other effects on the distribution of polymorphisms, which might extend further away from the selected site. A rapid method of scoring simple sequence repeat polymorphisms with agarose gel electrophoresis. We studied six serotonergic gene polymorphisms in a well-characterized sample of 129 deliberate self-harm subjects and 329 comparison subjects. Many of the singleton polymorphic sites reported here will have been selected by chance and do not necessarily represent polymorphisms with high frequencies. Since these interfaces involve more residues than active site regions, more polymorphisms will likely alter interface residues. The absence of polymorphisms was completely linked in this subset. Nevertheless, occurrence of these multiple polymorphisms is very intriguing. Table 2 shows the 2i2 tables and analyses of the association between resistance and polymorphisms. Traditionally, the impact of genetic polymorphisms on human behavior has been directly examined using clinical evaluations, personality questionnaires, and neuropsychological batteries. However, genetic association with a complex disease requires identification of functional gene polymorphisms, which are potentially inherent in the development of the disorder. In particular, polymorphisms of natural populations could be used in functional studies to compare candidate host and parasite factors in several successful and unsuccessful combinations. Disagreements among these indices were resolved through serological examination of 12 blood group antigens and protein polymorphisms. None of the other polymorphisms was associated with deliberate self-harm. Two temperatures were used for amplicons lacking known polymorphic positions in order to increase our chances of detecting polymorphisms. Clearly, longitudinal studies of the effect of these polymorphisms on bone density should be carried out. Finally, we always encounter difficulty in obtaining consistent results across many studies using genetic polymorphisms [9]. Incorporating genotyping uncertainty in haplotype inference for single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Two of these polymorphisms have attracted significant attention. They describe the method of selecting candidate genes on the basis of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms, which affect the protein product of the gene. Functional polymorphisms in dopamine and serotonin pathway genes. Prior to that, horizons had largely been limited to studying polymorphisms within genes of known function, to assess their potential contribution to disease susceptibility. We investigated eight annotated single nucleotide polymorphisms for occurrence in familial breast cancer samples. The two species showed shared polymorphisms for the nuclear loci, a result consistent with our finding of closely shared microsatellite frequencies. Characterization of singlenucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. We are currently characterizing inter-strain polymorphisms of the candidate gene(s). We do not investigate the third chromosome despite its complete assembly because analyses of it would be complicated by the inversion polymorphisms within these species. The bottom part shows the numbers of fixed differences and shared polymorphisms at each locus, in that order. A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. The results should be useful for tests of selection based on the levels of expected and observed ancestral polymorphisms. Several investigators have proposed that inflammatory gene polymorphisms may alter a women's risk for preterm birth. Thus, if small increases in carrying capacity are obtained by genotypes at the expense of increased rate parameters, polymorphisms can evolve. Firstly, it is evident that individual polymorphisms exert extremely weak main effects. Furthermore, functional studies of these polymorphisms show no clearly demonstrable difference among them. Both polymorphisms also correlated with coronary artery disease, but neither correlated with deep vein thrombosis. Taken together, the studies suggest that polymorphisms predisposing to arterial thrombosis may differ from polymorphisms predisposing to deep vein thrombosis. Several studies are now showing that genetic polymorphisms that may affect the development of key neurological systems are associated with measurable differences in temperament. In recent years, the number of different polymorphisms studied has increased. In addition, polymorphisms in high-penetrance genes have been investigated to determine if any of these have an effect on breast cancer risk. To study polymorphisms in the genes responsible for paclitaxel metabolism and link these to response rates and toxicity. Prophylactic antiviral or antibiotic treatment may be considered during pregnancy for women with cytokine polymorphisms capable of altering the immune response to infection. The second is if the trait is genetically determined, but there are no relevant genetic polymorphisms. The specific primers for these polymorphisms have been described elsewhere. In the four remaining polymorphisms, the rare allele is at most present in three sequences out of 20. Genetic mapping will be further simplified by the generation of additional microsatellite markers and the development of markers based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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