| 词汇 | example_english_plantation |
| 释义 | Examples of plantationThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Such a pricing policy has since become the deciding factor in the widespread establishment of plantations, and especially cocoa plantations. Interestingly, although there were significant linear relationships, the variables tended to cluster into two groups; forests and plantations. In the flight-interception-trapping, species richness and abundance were significantly higher in the forests than in the plantations in both sampling periods. In the case of insects that cause defoliation in both natural forests and plantations, outbreaks are most likely to occur in plantations. In their place, private estates and plantations dedicated to the production of coffee for exportation were created. The area is dominated by arable land, grazed and abandoned pastures, spruce plantations and deciduous woods. Table 2 also summarizes inputs for the management of plantations. Cotton and indigo plantations flourished in the early nineteenth century. When plantations and fenced areas are reopened, though, all too often household use-pressure results in renewed degradation. Over time, the lack of fertiliser impacted with increasing severity on the yields of plantations already suffering from the effects of fuel shortages. There was damage to plantations caused by the operation of heavy harvesting machinery in wet conditions. Brazilian planters were in place on their plantations either the whole year or during a good part of it. As a result, the proportion of higher-yielding plant cane and young ratoons declined and the average age of plantations rose. Improved cane-supply conditions in turn depend upon the renovation of plantations with new sowings and the restoration of an appropriate agestructure of ratoons. First, they were a heritage of the coerced labour systems of the sugar plantations which produced a historical norm of low wages. Pressure on land was practically unknown until the tremendous expansion of coffee plantations in the 1850s and 1860s. To highlight the terrible conditions at the plantations, he drew quite a harsh picture of women's life in the village home. The originally town-based labourers also tried to improve their position by accepting work on plantations. The decline of older authorities was also seen at work-camps and workers' villages on plantations and at new river towns. If you have wives, children, plantations, or anything else in the village, so shall it be in all the earth. Attempts to establish oil palm plantations to facilitate changes in the nature of palm oil production, particularly for export, were unsuccessful. Lever and his supporters argued that plantations were an important means of regulating supplies and controlling the cost of raw materials. The latter did not include the establishment of large scale plantations and central factories. They believed that experimental plantations should have been introduced to teach local oil palm producers the benefits of the system. Additional sets of samples were taken from forestry plantations on former heathland sites, where these species were known to occur. Shaded plantations = coffee, cacao and mixed (coffee and cacao). At this point, it will become profitable to establish large plantations of shade-tolerant trees. Many individual ancient oaks are still to be found in current plantations of conifers, left simply because they were too difficult to remove. The difference in feeding activities between both forest sites and the plantations is surprising. The feeding activities in the primary and secondary forest were at the same level and significantly lower than in the two plantations. The adoption of high-density plantations will demand short genotypes of superior performance. The national park also has plantations in the peripheral lowland area and sholas (highaltitude evergreen forests) and grasslands in the higher altitudes. The labour requirements of the plantations caused significant migration from surrounding regions, increasing the population density of the area. He bestowed powers to enact byelaws and indirect taxes - such as forestry, hygiene, title registration and civil procedure - and profit from cocoa plantations and subdivisions. During the pioneer era, coffee and cocoa plantations were developed over all the area suitable for that purpose. Intercropping with banana to improve fractional interception and radiation-use efficiency of immature rubber plantations. Like foremen in plantations or textile mills, maestros, rather than bakery owners, were often singled out by workers as the source of their discontent. Chapter 5 examines the work on plantations as well as the situation of women. Because of the large size of white-owned plantations, they placed great pressure on the available pool of agricultural laborers. They emphasize that the plantations used extra-economic methods in order to determine the lives of the workers. During the 1880s, the coffee plantations were superseded by plantations of a new crop-tea. A particular problem, he noted, was the proximity of rubber plantations. Additionally, sites used for agriculture, cattle-raising, and forest plantations could be designated as reserves. The paper concludes with a number of suggestions for making projects involving smallholders more competitive relative to large commercial plantations. The survival rate of these plantations ranged from 30 to 70 per cent between districts. The quadratic form was added since we expect a saturation effect in villages with large existing plantations. Since community plantations are larger, this result may reflect less effective protection by collective community management. The cost of watchers per hectare per year, however, is significantly higher in private than in community plantations. Note that organizing collective protection by private owners is infeasible, because private plantations are scattered in many places. In the case of private plantations, we interviewed their owners. Field managers regularly irrigate the plantations to reduce soil drought. The experience of generations taught many far mers that their plantations perfor med better and survived longer with higher levels of crop diversity. They were completely logged and converted into plantations. Together, these are the principal factors limiting the life of blackcurrant plantations. Reforestation proceeded rapidly after the second world war, in which natural broad-leaved forests were replaced with coniferous plantations. His or her counterpart in the sugar plantations elsewhere in the world was concerned about shirking and industriousness. On the other side, in the plantations and docks, where labour agents were both powerful and pivotal, needs of capital were of a different kind. Moreover, there is clear evidence which suggests that the chain of command on the plantations was quite rigid. The few women who did work in industry, mines or plantations were subsumed within the general definition of class. Coffee, rice and soybean plantations dominate the economy. They probably worked on the sugar plantations nearby. He writes of hundreds of captives on the larger plantations (p. 216). The social ' crisis ' at home was described most vividly by propagandists for colonial plantations. The majority of the manufacturing industries, plantations, tin reserves, and population are concentrated in the west. The size and composition of the household can affect demand for biomass and labour availability for collection in plantations and forests. Thus, other things remaining constant, we would expect such households to be willing-to-pay less than those closer to the plantations. The new plantations are less likely to remain commercially viable. At the same time, the government invested less in parastatal plantations, reducing forest clearing for agroindustrial crops. Maesopsis continues to be introduced as a rapid-growing timber species in plantations throughout the tropics. However, the potential of the two components of the matrix (secondary forests and shade plantations) for harbouring forest species contrasted sharply. In particular, a few species of isopods and diplopods were much more abundant in the two plantations than in the two forest sites. The forest remnants are surrounded by plantations of oil palm. Expediting reforestation in tropical grasslands: distance and isolation from seed sources in plantations. Among the man-made habitats, shaded plantations were especially rich in bat captures and species. Overall, our results showed that banana residues have great potential to supply the potassium requirements for banana plantations. Among those insects that occur in 'natural environments', the vast majority are found in forest habitats, which includes plantations. The beetles cause extensive mortality in plantations and landscape plantings of the trees. The present area has undergone extensive development of oil palm plantations and subsequent severe erosion over the last ten years. Two disparate plantations in our study have undergone a group typing switch. Similar conflicts over land between the tributary towns and large plantations occurred all over the province. The few thousand settlers were satisfied with the banana, rubber, cocoa and coffee plantations that they controlled. Within this area, much of its former range has been lost to conifer plantations and some to agricultural conversion. Excluded from this group are persons who worked in fields, gardens and plantations for a cash wage, but who had no stake in land. In the 1840s, when coffee plantations were established on a large scale, it expanded into the central highlands. Many owned coffee plantations, and not unnaturally were more concerned with the success of their investments than with carrying out government policy. By the mid-nineteenth century, coffee plantations had largely been abandoned. The criticism centres on the choice of tree species, the wisdom of monoculture plantations, and the nature of actual beneficiaries. Such analysis could be helpful in decreasing the wasteful use of resources that result from establishment of plantations that are not surviving. The policy implication would be that it is not necessarily wise to spread the plantations thinly. The analysis of the open-ended bids gives some additional information regarding where new plantations are valued highly. In the district dealt with in this study, 70 per cent of the plantations had survived after three years. At least part of the problem stems from the planning and allocation system that has not been sensitive enough to local demand for new plantations. Real options analysis also allows us to evaluate the effects of certain policies to promote faster establishment of forest plantations. Thus, we compare the cost of the protection of trees between private and community plantations. In general, both private and community plantations are located close to residential areas. At the same time, there are ample quantities of nonforested land, with good quality soil, not in current use for cacao or for forest plantations. We conducted our own surveys of 25 private plantations, 25 community plantations, and 5 2 communitymanaged natural forests. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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