| 词汇 | example_english_pidgin |
| 释义 | Examples of pidginThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Finally, pidgins will generally have at least three parent languages. Another claim of affinity between pidgins, creoles and other languages involves genetic relationship, and the traditional family tree representation of this. There are various reasons why historical linguists might wish to study pidgins and creoles, and more specifically pidginisation and creolisation. All across the continent, they used local languages, or at least local trading pidgins, well enough to carry out their business. Because pidgins are often intelligible over linguistically diverse areas, they have a cer tain advantage as languages of choice for vernacular literacy. The initial function of pidgins is to facilitate communication between groups of people who share no common language. The gentle song of the boatman in the poem of that title reveals pidgin's poetic resourcefulness through its sheer lyricism and beauty of form. Both pidgins and obsolescing languages are also monostylistic, and are, or become, inadequate for use as the sole language of a speech community. Five chapters organized by continent and one for pidgins and creoles are preceded by chapters on classification of languages and classification of writing systems. Examples include child language, pidgins, and ape language. Her concern is to provide a typological classification of "the linguistic products of language contact": pidgins, creoles, and bilingual mixed languages. Thus, these "inessential" features are not found in creoles because of "the fact that creoles began as pidgins". His current interests, in addition to pidgins and creoles, are language obsolescence, historical linguistics, and sociolinguistics. First, the distinction between pidgins and creoles is not made clear. I am also much indebted to her for more general guidance on the literature on pidgins and creoles. With regard to pidgins and creoles, it can be said that many such markers are the result of transfer of features from the substrate languages. Clements makes a case for the resemblance between interlanguages and pidgins that is crucially independent of creole-prototype assumptions. Such immigrant varieties could be classified as jargons or incipient pidgins. Expanded pidgins have an expanded lexicon and syntactic structure and are used in many to all areas of social interaction. Two chapters deal with challenges to conventional notions concerning pidgins. All pidgins have a base language, their primary source and the infrastructure out of which they are built. There are five separate entries detailing different aspects of linguistic codes, and three concerning pidgins and creoles. Indeed, many nonextended pidgins possess a relatively small vocabulary and a small number of function words. The notions of simplification, interlanguages, and pidgins, and their relation to second language pedagogy. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles, 341-70. In any case, it appears that, as pidgins move closer to their lexifier languages, it becomes less and less relevant to promote literacy in the pidgins. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles. Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles. An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages. When one thinks of pidginization and pidgins, what often comes to mind is the image of plantation pidgins involving many languages in contact and people under the yoke of slavery. Because they were born as pidgins a mere few centuries ago, creoles are unique among the world's languages in being so low on the "ornamental" features. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles (pp. 175- 216). On the other hand, it wants to extend the coverage of the analysis by looking at different registers, child language, second language acquisition, aphasia, pidgins and creoles. The fact that some modern languages (in particular, pidgins and creoles) may be heuristically useful in recreating earlier stages of language should not lead us to confound change with evolution. The notions of simplification, interlanguages, and pidgins, and their relation to second language pedagogy, 11- 17. Absence of copula and the notion of simplicity: a study of normal speech, baby talk, foreigner talk and pidgins. Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles, 63-101. Absence of copula and the notion of simplicity : a study of normal speech, baby talk foreigner talk and pidgins. Attention was focused on simplification as the characteristic that was thought to unite interlanguage with pidgins and creoles rather than with their target or lexifier languages. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles (pp. 91 - 109). The structure and status of pidgins and creoles (pp. 111 - 149). The structure and status of pidgins and creoles, 111- 49. Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles, 63- 101. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles, 71-88. In particular, the author underscores the impact of the study of pidgins and creoles on historical linguistics and on theories of first-language acquisition and of second-language learning. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles, 71- 88. The structure and status of pidgins and creoles (pp. 151 - 174). English pidgins: form and function. A language-universals approach to pidgins and creoles. An introduction to pidgins and creoles. Communication and grammar: from pigeons to pidgins. Given that such features are "functionally expendable," they will not be found in pidgin languages, which are "expressedly designed for only basic communication" (p. 15). In the process, an international "brand pidgin" may be emerging as discourses and brands have become enmeshed to a previously unimaginable degree. Translation from an indigenous language to pidgin reveals a high degree of closeness to the original speech patterns, notably in attempts to preserve syntactical equivalents. The last component, stei, did not occur in the pidgin, but emerged around 1920. Where, then, is this single place from which that pidgin disseminated? More investigations looking for evidence of these first two types would be very beneficial research to the field of pidgin and creole studies. To this end, he recalled in a newspaper interview two strategies he employed for representing the pidgin dialogue. Pidgin is therefore, as it were, mostly used horizontally and rarely vertically, except to bridge a communication gap between literates and illiterates. In other words, why did pidgin and creole grammars remain distinct from those of their lexifier? Rather, with each and every conversational exchange, however minute, their pidgin brings new understandings, however slow. The grammar of pidgin has the effect of labelling every piece of information very clearly so that listeners with minimum vocabulary will not be lost. The implication is that the sociocultural and linguistic setting in which this pidgin developed has not been wholly wiped out. Pidgin and creole linguistics in the 21st century, to appear. Clearly, neither of these is sufficient to suggest a pidgin. Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in pidgin and creole languages. The facts of the statements border on the humorous character of pidgin here concretised as "good stew". As a result, bioethics has developed its own language, much like a pidgin (chap. 4), yet such trade in disciplinary language conventions generates additional tensions. She identifies transfer as a communication strategy employed by speakers at low levels of proficiency, comparable perhaps to strategies of early pidgin speakers. Such a strategy may be used by speakers of either a prepidgin or an already established pidgin when its functional use is being rapidly extended. A pidgin is used only for restricted purposes, and its grammar is restricted to match. Initially, it was hypothesized that the pidgin group would demonstrate more rapid acquisition of vocabulary than the grammar group. However, for a pidgin to develop, long-distance displacement is not obligatory. Because of this flexibility, pidgin reveals a high degree of closeness to the original speech patterns, notably in an attempt to preserve syntactical equivalents. The forms, functions, and uses of this international "brand pidgin" are an emergent language contact phenomenon in advertising that remains as yet largely unexplored. What sorts of barriers are built up by the pidgin? The humour resulting from the use of pidgin portrays it as a pleasant language. Although the name 'pidgin' was not used until the mid-nineteenth century, attestations of its use go back to the early eighteenth century. Interest has been confined primarily to the subdisciplines of sociolinguistics and pidgin /creole studies. The papers in this issue consider the extent to which interlanguage varieties and pidgin and creole languages display similar properties. When the use of a pidgin is extended into new areas, its grammar is also expanded. I am not aware that the latter situation ever produced a pidgin anywhere. The pidgin is extinct; most records come from the seventeenth century (one from the eighteenth), and require a fair amount of philological interpretation. A pidgin is however a version of at least one language, which lacks everything except what is necessary for basic communication. All pidgins have a base language that is the source - and in a broad sense the infrastructure around which - the pidgin develops. Furthermore, reduplication in our corpus has many more functions than has generally been referred to in pidgin literature. Pidgin, he declares, is generally not considered as a language to be used on serious occasions and for serious purposes. In the poet's society, straightforward language takes criticism home to the ruthless man of power but criticism couched in pidgin may avoid his immediate attention. Perhaps the problem will go unresolved, the practical benefit of knowing the origins of pidgin not justifying the difficult task of gathering the historical material. Another factor also affects the relevance of these earlier studies to theoretical debates in pidgin and creole studies. Learners who received simplified pidgin input lagged behind learners who received fully grammatical input in both grammar acquisition and related comprehension skills. What we badly need in order to advance the scientific study of human language understanding is a novel language, a scientific pidgin to communicate across different tiers of modelling meaning. I should note however that this is very far from being a comprehensive survey of recent research on gender and language change in pidgin and creole speaking communities. We do not know how long the negative effects of pidgin input would last if our learners were exposed to grammatical input for a longer period of time. Contributions from pidgin and creole studies to a sociolinguistic theory of language change. The second section deals with pidgin and creole development, particularly the oftdebated processes of creolization and pidginization. The confusion is further aggravated by the co-existence of several typologically related varieties and stages of pidgin within the same region at a given point of time. First, the term "pidgin" is generally used by linguists to refer to a simplified language used for restricted communicative purposes by people who normally have no language in common. The homogeneity of the substrate as a factor in pidgin/creole genesis. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。