| 词汇 | example_english_phonetic |
| 释义 | Examples of phoneticThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Equally, there are too many for them to have been purely phonetic or syllabic. The character set displayed on the screen should contain sufficient shapes to enable common special sorts, accents, and phonetic symbols to be displayed. There are phonetic differences of length, but these are entirely predictable given the rule in above; some examples appear in. A detailed phonetic analysis of her responses, presented later, revealed a deficit very similar to that of the other impaired family members. The strategy is revealed by detailed phonetic analyses of the subjects' reponses. First, tones are suprasegmentals in their underlying forms and remain so until they are processed to the phonetic stage. What all this means is that the method is not dependent on us having a detailed phonetic transcription of the ancestor form. Part of the fascination, however, lies in the opacity of many of the comments, which are difficult to interpret in phonetic terms, as shown in. Finally, it is clear that existing accounts of intonational meaning, whether based on phonological choice or phonetic realization, can largely account for 'attitudinal' meanings. Thus, it would seem that phonetic context effects, while highly regular, are not absolute. The forms in the right-hand column represent poorly resolved broad phonetic transcriptions. On the phonetic side one major problem was that of stress. Many students in my class were inspired by these readings to carry on further investigations, finding more data and phonetic support for the phonological claims. The analysis shows that there is a close relationship between the action conveyed in a turn and its phonetic format. They have established certain principles of phonetic and phonological change, and of the social motivation for change. Behavioral studies with phonetic segments have shown analogous results. Despite the fundamental role phonetic representations play in language acquisition, there has been very little research on their development in a bilingual context. Indeed, we assume that the phonetic processes of the type described are generally not accessible to overt manipulation. The phonetic analysis further bolstered the hypothesis that he added -ed endings according to a pseudo-suffixation strategy. The relevance of the findings for cross-linguistic interaction in bilingual phonetic/phonological development is discussed. The results suggest that both neural sensitivity and neural efficiency appear to be good predictors of phonetic learning. Nonetheless, in some cases the phonetic spellings of mispronunciations may have been altered by some familiarity with the correct spelling. Instead, they appeared on occasion to recompute the phonetic elements, producing a new erroneous version. In line with previous findings, the former group progressed faster in learning to read the visual list while the latter learned the phonetic list faster. Prereaders progressed faster in learning to read the visual list, whereas novice and veteran readers progressed faster in learning to read the phonetic list. Moreover, consonant substitutions preserved more articulatory-phonetic features in nonword repetition than in serial recall. Cantonese passives possess only one grammatical morpheme, bei2; however, its phonetic/perceptual properties provide no basis for predicting problems according to the surface account. The phonetic value of the r unes may have been common knowledge, but the same is not necessarily true of their names. His contribution contains the most detailed phonetic analysis, taking into account not only prosodic features but segmental characteristics as well. What other phonetic cause(s) may be involved in this fascinating phonological process is certainly not obvious at this point in time. Part of the answer lies in the phonetic redundancy of the signal itself, and the rest in the effects of that redundancy on auditory processing. There are approximately 700 phonetic radicals and about 140 semantic radicals currently in use. The initial transcripts included phonetic approximations of every utterance. No features would be changed in derivations from underlying to phonetic representations and no phonetically nonoccurring fricatives would be posited underlyingly. At first, infants display discriminatory abilities which span a broad range of phonetic pairs. Because he and they contain the phonetic cores of their paradigms (onsets [h] and [\\-] respectively), these nominatives can be overextended. On the other hand, each form has its own unique onset and rime, which means that no form benefits from phonetic consistency. Cognitive factors involved in preserving a phonetic contrast. Phonetic acquisition of the 21 syllable-initial consonants was complete by 3 ; 6 for 75 % of children. The ' phonetic responses ' formed a large proportion of the total responses made by the four-year-olds (44 %), but were rare in the seven-year-olds (4n8 %). Specifically, the younger children might be expected to show greater phonetic sensitivity to the input than older children. Even under the second scenario, the few phonetic changes that did occur were limited to underlying change. On p. 115, the author concludes that at present there is no indication that infants under 0 ; 6 represent utterances as strings of phonetic segments. In sum, disyllables have the same phonetic and developmental relation to monosyllables that falls have to rises. Phonetic transcription reveals that many of children's early uses of wh- words are phonetically reduced and part of fixed sequences. Reproductive responses incorporate the phonetic characteristics of the preceding child utterance into maternal responses. In essence, structural accounts of nucleus complexity need not only refer to phonetic length. Thus, the same phonetic features are represented in accents and tones. Phonetic analysis of speech and memory codes in beginning readers. Nevertheless, the acoustic-phonetic structure of some of the vowels differed across the generations represented by the talkers. The same was true of following phonetic context. How could it not be ; the former is represented as a phonetic entity, the latter as a phonological one ? The other two principles, the historical and etymological ones, only supplement the phonetic principle, but do not replace it. Besides, there is no evidence showing that word-initial and word-medial clusters behave differently with respect to either phonological or phonetic rules. Numerous original ideas are introduced briefly (such as phonetic patterns in girls' lyrics), only to be left behind all too soon. During phonetic encoding, all the information that is needed for the production of the utterance is gathered, resulting in a speech plan. A second phonetic factor is the frequent lengthening of phrasefinal segments, which results in longer closure durations among stops. The presentation of the historical, distributional and phonetic facts in this chapter is particularly strong. Even very young infants display some initial organization of the acoustic-phonetic space. Therefore, we will likewise be mainly (though not exclusively) concerned here with these manifestations of phonetic approximation. Variation in developing and fully developed phonetic inventories. Phonological analyses focused on the construction of all subjects' phonetic inventories over time. Previous studies have suggested that liquids are rare in the phonetic inventories of infants at the onset of first words. Their phonetic resemblance to some creole irrealis markers raises the question of their grammatical identity. The audio recordings were later transcribed by the same experimenter using a broad phonetic transcription. Phonologisation is not an inevitable fate for intrusive vowels, nor does it happen automatically upon their reaching some threshold of phonetic duration. The second, 'more marked ', construction is not formally related to the first one at all - it only has greater phonetic length. There may also be phonetic justification for distinguishing between velar stops and fricatives. Three different following phonetic environments are delimited - prevocalic, prepausal, and preconsonantal - and the clusters are distinguished in terms of monomorphemic and bimorphemic status. Traditional impressionistic phonetic descriptions take a back seat to instrumental descriptions. In the remaining languages shown in (16), existing descriptions are too sketchy to allow any firm conclusion on the phonetic realisation of implosives. Since the phonological status of some of the segments is what is being discussed here, transcriptions are given in square phonetic brackets. In the nominal cases where there are multiple possible interpretations of a segment with respect to a phonetic dimension, segments are ambivalent. A perceptual study of intonation : an experimental-phonetic approach to speech melody. The words were not edited in any other way, and were thus representative of the acoustic-phonetic variability found in speech. Phonetic theories attempt to account for this apparent invisibility in different ways. An aside is necessary on the phonetic values used here and on their ^ relationship to the sonority scale in (3b). Specifically, we will examine the relation between facts of phonetic difficulty in perception of syllable-final stops and common sound patterns of place assimilation. The conventions/ rules which constitute a phonology are expressed in terms of phonetic types and their tokens. Under this view, phonetic interpretation is not a function of grammar but is the exclusive preserve of the articulatory and auditory-perceptual facilities. We consider the adaptations of these segments to be purely phonetic. However, it is important to note that fronting and raising are straightforward categorical phonetic adjustments. Finally, reconsider the phonetic data in (3), as displayed in (7). The phonetic interpretation of headed phonological structures containing overlapping constituents. The transfer between phonological and phonetic representation encodes speech sounds as a sequence of vocal tract configurations. According to this theory, effects of phonetic learning would be more prominent in the left hemisphere as compared with the right hemisphere. As mentioned above, there are three possible types of account of the asymmetry, based on orthographic, phonological and phonetic arguments respectively. Barnes emphasises a modular architecture, in which the application of phonological rules does not have access to online or real-time phonetic information. States of the glottis : an articulatory phonetic model based on laryngoscopic observations. Thus, current phonological and phonetic research show many manifestations of indeterminacy in grammars. All recognizers are continuous speech recognizers and are based on statistical language models and orthographic and phonetic lexicons. Falk is right that the phonetic aspects of motherese are derived from primate vocalizations. Though only minimal space is given to the phonetic nature of intonation, this is arguably of peripheral interest to the intended audience. He demonstrates that phonetic duration, as found for example in word-size differences and in phrase-final lengthening, has a role in permitting greater tonal contrasts. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。