| 词汇 | example_english_pest |
| 释义 | Examples of pestThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The deliberate burning of structures may be explained as a measure to eradicate pests, insects or disease. Most of these species are considered agricultural pests or are listed as quarantine species in parts of the world. Leaffolders are unlikely to become serious pests although they have the potential to help protect plants against more costly species. Other pests found on individual plants were also recorded. Secondly, insects are more likely to become pests as introduced aliens than in their region of origin. Farmers were asked to rate (as good, fair or bad) storage behaviour in terms of keeping quality and tolerance to insect pests. The present study did not focus on windbreak interactions with birds, pests or pathogens. The impact of a legume on soil fertility, pests, food and nutritional security, and whole system productivity needs to be simultaneously considered. Reasons for legume seed loss included eating the seed, livestock or birds eating the crop, beetles, weevils or other pests destroying the seeds. The present study, however, revealed that recognized noctuid stem borer crop pests are not abundant on wild hosts compared to wild noctuid species. Predatory beetles contribute to the control of crop pests and are an important food resource for farmland birds. The spread of insect pests is strongly influenced by the female's choice of plant parts for oviposition and other oviposition characteristics. An epidemiological model using a zero biting frequency could be used to test the hypothesis that pests are absent. The book is divided into six parts, targeting the pests of pasture, field crops and vegetables, fruit, forestry, weeds and nuisance pests. Other organic farmers explained that crop diversification and timing of planting helps them withstand threats from conventional agriculture induced pests and diseases. They explained that pests can develop resistance to chemical controls and that developing new pesticides can be difficult. The organic far ming approach presumes lower yield losses due to diseases and pests in 'natural' agro-ecosystems. Firstly, alterations in the share of regions in total production worldwide and differing in loss rates to pests affect total loss rates. The effects of glucosinolates on insect pests have been variable and are complicated by species-specific interactions. The former allow farmers to increase herbicide applications without risking damage to their crops, while the latter run the risk of creating pesticide immune pests. About half only can be considered as established, and half as pests. Introduced monogeneans are pests in the eel trade. To date, biocontrol has been targeted largely at pests of plants, with only a few efforts to introduce biocontrol agents for the control of ticks. Perhaps incorporating several crop species into alternative agroecosystems would encourage more complete use of resources and increase resistance to pests. Bioinvasions involving exotic pests are also an undesirable element of the globalization of agriculture. Protection from vertebrate pests was maintained throughout using fencing, screens and scaring devices. The use of insecticides has been the major control strategy for cowpea and okra pests, especially in the tropics. In terms of economic importance the present study included many fruit flies that are pests or have the potential to become invasive species. Consequently, insect pests and diseases associated with growing plants were not introduced with the trees. Low water requirements, tolerance of poor soils, and, until recently, the absence of insect pests and diseases have made eucalyptus particularly valuable. Studies collated from the literature were used to test for patterns in the efficacy of nematode applications in the management of above-ground pests. Generally, such timing has been achieved by sampling fields for insect pests. The focus is on arthropod pests and weeds, but diseases are also covered where significant. In the study villages, weeds are pests that cause low rice yields. Sanitary health is particularly difficult to maintain, and stakes often become the means for disseminating pests and diseases. Three chapters are devoted to insecticides, for mulations and application methods, and problems associated with their use, particularly the development by pests of insecticide resistance. Manure is usually in short supply, bulky and heavy, and it can introduce weeds and pests. A very full account is also given of the eects of weeds, pests and diseases and of their control by chemicals or other means. 1991 crop, was aected by pests or pathogens that were attracted by the windbreaks. The fifth section is about crop production and covers diseases of apples and the management of pests. Circulars were addressed to all planters concerned, seeking an expression of their long experience and their observations on these pests. All main features of this crop - its botany, field production and harvesting, pests and diseases and work on crop improvement - are covered concisely. The remaining chapters on harvesting, postharvest handling, disorders, diseases and pests emphasize recent developments in these areas. Currently, pests and disease problems do not appear to be a major problem. Similar approaches might be efficacious with respect to insect pests of agriculture. Without crop protection almost 75 % of attainable potato production would be lost to pests. The new varieties were susceptible to many pests and diseases, including weeds, which again called for the use of expensive pesticides. The estimates for actual losses due to pathogens, viruses, animal pests and weeds worldwide totalled 14, 7, 11 and 8 %, respectively. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50 % in wheat to more than 80 % in cotton production. After ranking the constraints, the farmers were asked speci®cally to rank the major pests attacking sesame in their ®elds. Epidemics from pests and diseases, as well as droughts and cyclones, only made matters worse. Technologies include nitrogen fixation, biocontrol of pathogens and pests, fermentation, post harvest microbiology and more. Other aspects of the ecology and control of these pests are aorded relatively little space. Frequent usage of the sd-1 gene may reduce genetic diversity and bring about genetic vulnerability to pests and diseases. Effect of cropping diversity on the abundance of predators of cotton pests. There are new compounds available that are highly effective against pests which were formerly less controllable. The dry conditions led to direct plant loss and slow growth that exacerbated losses from pests and disease. Nevertheless, despite crop protection practices, almost one third of attainable production was lost to pests. At first, control of weeds and animal pests largely depended on hand or mechanical weeding and hand-picking of insect larvae, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34 %), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16 %). Zero yields in sub-plots due to pests and diseases were recorded as zero. The first two chapters review the devastating impact of these pests, and the diseases they spread, on humans, livestock and crops. The remaining chapters cover a logical sequence of crop development through flowering to post-harvest, within which are contained contributions on physiology, pests and diseases. Insect pests were controlled with recommended pesticides and weeds were removed by hoeing. Both flies are notorious pests of tropical and subtropical fruits. In the geographical area covered by this study, whiteflies are primarily pests of vegetable crops (especially in greenhouses), citrus and ornamental plants. One widely used method to monitor insect pests is to use light traps. Expanding use of neonicotinoid products against agricultural pests on cross-commodity crops will increase the risk for resistance. Carabids and spiders fed on pests only (slugs or aphids) were the least fit. From a fundamental point of view, knowledge of the genetic diversity of insect pests may help in assessing their dispersal properties, fitness and persistence. In addition, the resident position for each biological control agent, in the absence of invertebrate pests, may be established. Generally, they were hindered by the monsoon's rigors, pests, poverty and other unpropitious circumstances. Insect pests preferred alfalfa and were, therefore, often more abundant in treatments containing high percentages of alfalfa, as were predators such as spiders. While no-till fields may encourage invertebrate pests, high faunal diversity in no-till systems may also foster biological control41. Chemicals to control pests in crops have made management simpler in the short term but, invariably, chemicals can create long-term problems for the future2,3. Moreover, new pests appear and old pests are more numerous and have built up resistance to control methods. During the growing period, pests and diseases were monitored weekly and preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used when necessary. During the growing period, observations were made twice a week in order to determine infection by pests and diseases. The person applying the pesticides is different from the one conducting the observations on pests and diseases. Where far mers use adaptive strategies, the retur ns from improving far mer knowledge of pests may vary. They included early maturity, high yield, suitability for inter-cropping, contribution of stalks as ®rewood, and tolerance of insect pests. Plots were hand weeded as necessary and cowpea -ower and pod pests controlled by prophylactic spraying from the budding stage onwards. The book contains superb colour photographs of pests and plant damage, and numerous line drawings to aid identi®cation. To avoid confusion, samples of 10 common varieties of beans were used in discussion of bean pests. On the contrary, they were larger and became real pests. He complained that the study of plant diseases was firmly in the hands of botanists who lacked competence with animal pests. Currently, synthetic pesticides are the predominant means of combating vegetable pests and diseases. Aphids and other pests are obligatory phloem sap feeders, and they represent important prey for beneficial insects such as predators and parasitoids. The farm is subjected to frequent-pesticide sprayings to control insects and other pests. However, although pests can develop resistance to pesticides, insensitivity to pesticides hardly contributes to this relationship. In order to safeguard the high level of productivity necessary to meet the human demand, these crops require protection from pests. Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. The neonicotinoids are a recently developed class of synthetic insecticides that have been pivotal in protecting crops from some of the world's most serious pests. While the three bollworms occur simultaneously as early to mid season pests, peak whitefly infestations occur during mid season of the crop. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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