| 词汇 | example_english_pedigree |
| 释义 | Examples of pedigreeThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. In general, the identification of genes is achieved by collecting pedigrees which segregate the gene ofinterest. There is some reference to biotechnological techniques which may indeed be useful in testing identities and pedigrees. In fact, exceptional creative achievers are most likely to come from family pedigrees that display elevated rates of various psychological disorders. Another indicator was the presence of landraces in the pedigrees of modern spring wheat cultivars released by developing countries between 1965 and 1997. Such hagiographies endeavoured to establish virtuous pedigrees for putatively nationalist figures by linking them through blood or sentiment to various patriotic forbearers. The simulated pedigrees differed from real zoo pedigrees since mating was random whereas, in managed zoo pedigrees, inbreeding is usually minimized. Contemporary animals in real pedigrees will therefore have a different distribution of inbreeding coefficients to the simulated animals. A rank-based nonparametric method for mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred half-sibs pedigrees: application to milk production in a grand-daughter design. Estimating genotypic probabilities is also demonstrated, and the limitations of importance sampling for such pedigrees discussed. Coppieters et al. adapted this method to half-sib pedigrees in outbred populations. At the same time, allowing some correlation ensures that enough samples are accepted to make the analysis of large pedigrees feasible. A total of 124 pedigrees with two or more affected siblings were available for the linkage analyses. The affected members of these pedigrees are born with bilateral ptosis and restrictive ophthalmoplegia. Breaking down the large pedigrees into smaller ones might be an option, but this procedure would result in a considerable loss of statistical power. Generating consistent genotypic configurations for multi-allelic loci and large complex pedigrees. Robust variance-components approach for assessing genetic linkage in pedigrees. Inferring genotype probabilities for untyped individuals in complex pedigrees. Studbooks are maintained for many endangered species, so that pedigrees are typically available for use in genetic management. Human geneticists have developed several statistical tools to utilize phenotypic (disease) and marker data on complex and small pedigrees. The aim of this paper is to develop a method that minimizes inbreeding for small populations with overlapping generations and complex pedigrees. In order to minimize the errors determined by breaking loops we made the break in different ways, to give several configurations of zero-loop pedigrees. Currently, this software is restricted to the analysis of three-generation intercross pedigrees, which are common in livestock. Six of the seven pedigrees presented with retinal or subretinal abnormalities and one mutant was phenotypically normal other than a small eye size. Nonetheless, the phenotypic features of these pedigrees of mutant mice are highly suggestive of such a progression. The haplotypic method requires larger sibships than these methods but is more flexible with respect to extended outbred pedigrees with multiple generations and many founders. At present, pedigrees are not generally used in routine analyses of variety trials so will not be considered in the present paper. Issues surrounding the early symphony are complex, and sorting out pedigrees within a mesh of conflicting and indecisive terminology adds to the burden of proof. A rank-based nonparametric method for mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred half-sibs pedigrees : application to milk production in a grand-daughter design. Mapping markers and quantitative traits in large half-sib pedigrees. In these more complex pedigrees it is unclear how the non-parametric bootstrap can be performed without dissolving the population structure. Two major groups of exact methods are used for the analysis of pedigrees with data on multiple markers. The software is not restricted to three-generation outbred pedigrees coming from an intercross experiment. Accuracy and half-sib error are reported as observed in reconstructed pedigrees, and as expected with random assignment of individuals to families. 255 of segregation indicators for large and deep pedigrees, because these might exist in practical livestock breeding programs. Estimating the prevalence of inbreedings from incomplete pedigrees. The pedigrees can be used to determine the disease mechanism for a particular ocular phenotype0disease or to determine progression of that disease. The outcomes of the anterior segment examinations of all pedigrees of mutant mice were unremarkable. Their training and academic pedigrees were not dissimilar. On the basis of the presence of alleles shared between individuals, tentative pedigrees were reconstructed for the different selected populations. On small but complex pedigrees, the genotypic probability estimates are demonstrated to be empirically unbiased. The algorithm is shown to be unbiased for small complex pedigrees and feasible and consistent for moderately large complex pedigrees. Further, with reconstructed pedigrees the resolution of half-sib families is relatively poor, which exacerbates the errors of estimation of the half-sib correlation. Other methods have also been proposed for tracing haplotypes in outbred pedigrees, albeit specific to small sibships. However, exact peeling is computationally infeasible for large complex pedigrees. First, the dependency of non-additive estimate on locus number diminished for all genetic models and pedigrees investigated. The haplotypic method can be extended to more complex pedigrees with additional generations. Peeling can be used to produce unbiased genotypic probabilities for small complex pedigrees, but peeling may be infeasible for large complex pedigrees. The polygenic model is tractable by exact methods even for pedigrees with multiple loops. Nevertheless, complex pedigrees with a significant number of missing genotypes require more sophisticated genotype strategies than the single update used here. 186 hampered by lack of reliable software for non-additive analysis under the infinitesimal model for general pedigrees with or without inbreeding. Then, the identification of every consistent gi and the calculation of its probability become intractable for large outbred pedigrees. One cannot conclude from the argument, therefore, that ordinary citizens cannot be guided by moral rules that lack social pedigrees. The set of pedigreed rules fluctuates depending on which r ules bear the right pedigrees at any given time. In contrast to pedigrees with an autosomal dominant trait, only individuals in one sibship will be affected. To maximize information of the link among individuals, multiple- and cross-checks were performed before constructing pedigrees. Variable expression of the autism broader phenotype : findings from extended pedigrees. We have thus far identified seven pedigrees with primary ocular abnormalities. The actual estimates based on pedigrees will be higher, since 1553 (29>40%) marriages, considered in this preliminary analysis as unrelated, were between distantly related individuals. Second, strange results follow when it is allowed that r ules that lack pedigrees need not guide conduct in the face of guidance by the rule of recognition. If so, there would be no reason to insist that rules that lack pedigrees be capable of guiding conduct at the same time as the rule of recognition guides conduct. Negative symptoms of familial schizophrenia breed true in unstable (vs. stable) cerebral-ventricle pedigrees. Powerful regression-based quantitative-trait linkage analysis of general pedigrees. Both pedigrees contained multiple loops. Ancestry of alleles and extinction of genes in populations with defined pedigrees. Estimation of additive and dominance variance components in finite polygenic models and complex pedigrees. Quantitative trait locus analysis of longitudinal quantitative trait data in complex pedigrees. Low-penetrance branches in matrilineal pedigrees with leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred pedigrees. Four larger pedigrees were also simulated. When most pairs of individuals are related, the error in inference of relatedness can overwhelm the small gain in precision that would occur with perfect knowledge of pedigrees. Suggestive evidence for a schizophrenia susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q and a confirmation in an independent series of pedigrees. If primary legal r ules can be generated by something other than secondary r ules, then moral rules that lack pedigrees might make a practical difference for judges in adjudication. Moreover, data obtained from different types of crosses and family pedigrees indicate that this phenotypic spectrum may result from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. Linkage analysis requires studying large pedigrees with a highly penetrant phenotype or, alternatively, pooling of smaller families for diseases caused by one or a few genes. Bayesian oligogenic analysis of quantitative and qualitative traits in general pedigrees. Inspection of the reconstructed pedigrees showed that half-sib groups were often split into their component full-sib families (especially when full-sib family sizes are smaller : see above). Maleto-male transmission in extended pedigrees with multiple cases of autism. Directly calculated from the pedigrees, the mean inbreeding coefficients for the last four generations show an increase from 0-0035, 0-0099, 0-0168 to 0-0287. Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees : founder equivalents and founder genome equivalence. On large complex pedigrees, while the algorithm for obtaining genotype samples is feasible, importance sampling may require an infeasible number of samples to estimate genotypic probabilities with accuracy. They can produce unbiased samples for large complex pedigrees, provided that the sampling algorithm can traverse the parameter space efficiently ; however, impediments to traversing the parameter space can be severe. A note on algorithms for genotype and allele elimination in complex pedigrees with incomplete genotype data. Determination of bone mineral density of the hip and spine in human pedigrees by genetic and life-style factors. Our current research focuses on improving descent graph sampling, implementing genotypic or allelic peeling for multiple loci in complex pedigrees efficiently, and comparisons among these schemes. With only five markers we were able to assess the genetic variability within the selected populations, determine the number of families and reconstruct pedigrees a posteriori. Robust methods for the detection of genetic linkage for quantitative data from pedigrees. Unipolar relatives in bipolar pedigrees : a search for elusive indicators of underlying bipolarity. All of the mutant pedigrees that are presented in this manuscript were detected at 10 weeks of age, which is equivalent to early adulthood in humans. Likelihoods on complex pedigrees for quantitative traits. I am not going into their pedigrees, but here is an opportunity for them to show the value of their traditions. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Making a useful calendar necessitates an immense amount of scholarly work, and one volume alone can contain many hundreds of pedigrees of different families. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 He feeds them hard, because he wants good pedigrees, and he averages about 7,000 litres. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 If a man on the black list sells a dog, it cannot be registered, nor can its progeny, for the pedigrees are probably false. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The extent to which our pedigrees cut right across the social scale surprises anybody who does not know anything of genealogy. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 We have all seen horses with impeccable pedigrees, and which made magnificent oil paintings, but which proved to be utterly useless on a racecourse. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Day in and day out, they work with about 150 animals—milking them twice a day, knowing their background and pedigrees. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There has been an enormous amount of criss-crossing of schools, and travelling wide distances, and very many schools have gained long pedigrees. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I do so as a geneticist, who is consequently much interested in pedigrees and in ensuring their accuracy. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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