| 词汇 | example_english_patronage |
| 释义 | Examples of patronageThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The traffic in patronage was far from all one way. The 'new men' themselves often rose to local prominence partly through the tenurial patronage of a county aristocracy anxious to win their support and influence. A third reason was that the operation of politics and patronage often required or encouraged lords to alienate land on favourable terms. On the contrary, patterns of patronage and marketing ensured that it was the most widely seen and reproduced of all. Few labouring poets received so much patronage, either from individuals or by subscription. Political power in a county, nonetheless, did demand that the politician make efficient use of patronage to help his friends. The bare news of such a match is a valuable commodity in the patronage marketplace. A man without family - by marriage or by formal or informal adoption if not by blood - cannot expect to gain patronage. A destructive confrontation with father, family, and culture forced him to find other forms of patronage and love, no longer feudal in principle. Alongside the formal institutions were more informal ones, such as the patronage system. Relics embodied the saint in this world and gave patronage to the community that preserved them. Still, examples of this whole slippery incident can be reduced to the same parameters as the more clear-cut professional patronage described in this section. Other cases came to the crown's notice through networks of patronage, which reinforced hierarchy and deference at every level. Aristocratic patronage was the backbone of the event. Yoruba railwaymen came to stable wage labor to become men through accumulating money to marry, build houses, or create patronage relations. Thus, religion, patronage, and the cultural ideal and practice of mutual suppor t have long served as bridges between religion and the state. I have identified the presence of two reasonably coherent patronage regimes, each with its own patterned, stable and distinctive use of the president's appointment power. They recognise that kinship entails, on the one hand, duty and obligation and, on the other hand, support and patronage. State patronage supported a cadre of ritual officials who managed forest products. His real focus is on a crisis of patronage politics and the collapse of associated reciprocal bonds of social obligation. At lower levels, where economic surpluses are produced, individuals resist patrons as far as they are able without breaking the bonds of patronage. Based on the findings presented here, the antebellum patronage regime is best characterized by its spoils-orientation. At the same time as landed income went up, parliament enacted legislation to limit patronage sources available to politicians. As my theory predicts, she first opted to implement less costly tools that were available to her, such as purges and patronage appointments. Patronage appointments were routine and extensive throughout the national public administration, not only in specific localities. In return, these politicians used their offices to stoke the party machine with a steady supply of patronage appointments and government contracts. Revealing patronage systems through reliable and complete data is not possible, since such systems are secretive and may incite ethnic conflict. In fact, the decentralisation project threatened the clientelist politicians who depended on health care patronage to sustain the political networks that underpinned their electoral machines. The religion has always depended on a monastic class for its sustenance, which in turn has often depended on state patronage. In fact, some groups are heavily reliant on patronage for their financial survival. All positions are within the patronage of the prime minister. Florence's identity and fame rested upon its place as the showpiece of the grand dukes' patronage, taste, and power. Accordingly, one would expect that state government resistance to the transfer of public services would increase as the patronage value of that service increases. He was more accessible to competing counsel on policy and patronage. The previous analysis has offered a static comparison of two differently ordered patronage regimes. However, recruitment is only the first use to which patronage might be put. Presidential style may impact on institutionbuilding, and patronage is still a preoccupation across the board. The second is patronage through off-budget funding, which manifests itself through arbitrary and biased patterns of assignment of donor-funded projects to regions. Issues of governance, patronage and regional bias within the country, which could throw interesting light on the assessment of democracy, are not considered. However, the continuance of the patronage system meant that the expansion of resources did not alleviate the social and economic inequalities existing in the society. However, the nature of patronage politics in different areas of the country is distinctive and dependent on local trajectories. As for the men and woman profiled above, nepotism and patronage alone clearly do not explain their career trajectories. Partly this was to ensure that the dedicatee would accept the responsibility of reciprocating by his support and patronage. Similarly, patronage politics circumvent the electoral mechanism, because votes then indicate the preferences of the patron rather than the voter. The ambiguous warmth of patronage existed uneasily with the profound desire to become patrons. Whether this should be seen as a function of a sector's economic needs or the political reality of patronage is harder to decide. Recall that nicknames contextualize camaraderie among social equals, while kin terms simultaneously contextualize camaraderie and deference 0 patronage. Patronage and bribes - not repression or the free vote - were the main instruments of this traditionalauthoritarian regime. Training them in the arts of dance, poetry and song not only was in good diplomatic tastes, but also reflected their patronage of the arts. Except for workshops supplied with key raw materials through elite patronage, par ticipation in many kinds of craft production was limited by calpulli membership. Particularly interesting is its discussion of the language of family relations which workers use in trying to convert employment into a relationship of patronage. Patronage, nepotism, campaign finance and lobbying are ingrained in the political cultures of some countries that are leading the campaign against corruption. Petitioners recognized the influential position the abbess had obtained as a result of her own patronage of the exiled and impecunious royalists. Providing patronage opportunities often comes at the expense of setting up professional bureaucracies and the efficient running of a program. Such programs may win the support of patronage-oriented politicians who are favored or expect to benefit. Few integrative mechanisms besides patronage linked political actors across the various levels and branches of state governments. Lastly, senior commissions might be used as party-building patronage resources. Such a representation reflects the direct implication of sovereigns in scientific patronage on both sides. The tribes, weakened by their deteriorating economic circumstances, needed the state's assistance and became more amenable to its patronage. The older models of recruitment into government-patronage and apprenticeship primarily-were no longer sufficient to meet the demands of an increasingly rationalized administrative structure. Moreover, this hold often extends by virtue of patronage systems far beyond state resources. Patronage was another avenue by which these women represented the dynasty in a highly visible way. A desired personal relationship with their employer in terms of schedules, patronage benefits, and autonomy over the work process reflects their ideal definition of themselves. Thus patronage theory is useful in explaining and interpreting the nature of early modern medical provision. Even where reforms succeeded in reorganizing state administration along more accountable lines, factionalism and patronage politics undercut executive authority. At the same time there is a reassertion of patronage directed toward a degraded patrician relic. Loyalties started to be channelled towards a new type of politics without always breaking away from the old patronage structures. Instead, partisan political considerations, such as holding on to important sources of patronage, also entered into the calculus. Publishers can support their media with three basic kinds of revenue: political patronage from a politician or party, government subsidies, or advertising. Over time, political patronage of some level of the makhzan became increasingly important in trade. Despite occasional rumors to the contrary, royal patronage was not forthcoming. Certainly the appointment of general officers and the selection of senior commanders were not viewed primarily as partisan patronage opportunities by the national administration. Clientelism and patronage was the basis for self-enrichment, but also for political purposes. Under the revolutionary state, a system of patronage and repression developed based on coercive and allocative corruption. Projects embodied the competing forces of patronage and governance, private gain and public good. The competition, conflict, and pursuit of private gain inherent to patronage politics found a ready avenue into policy-making and the basic responsibilities of governance. Once again, however, patronage parties themselves do not change. While it is impossible to estimate the number of patronage positions made available in this fashion, it was probably extensive. Usually when patronage was distributed, it was identified not as a government resource (which it is) but as a party resource. In the first part, caudillo politics shaped violence through patronage and repression. Patronage was an extension of ordinary gentlemanly intercourse, by the same means. Nevertheless, the likelihood is that here we have a case where theoretical affinity did not translate into an alliance regarding patronage. With the sharpening of factional rivalries and ideological differences, however, even aristocratic patronage of the theatre could not be equated with stability or royal control. Whatever the various reasons, it is clear from the archives that patronage correspondence does not tend to survive, at least in concentrated form. To acquire maximum votes, regional political leaders extend patronage through pyramidal clientelism. The relationship between the noble and the poet was one of patronage and protection against conservative religious forces. The oil crisis and the downturn in primary commodity prices soon exposed the export-dependent economy and government reliance on patronage. Usually, these elites rely on patronage - clientelistic networks based on hierarchical principles. Several authors maintain that, contrary to expectations, transition to democracy did not reduce presidential reliance on traditional patronage politics, but actually increased it. Involvement of the mayor's office in beneficiary registration and selection was associated with the highest levels of clientelism and patronage. Alternance has not changed the historical operation of the institutions or the patronage system. Cooptation and government patronage as well as financial payments have kept many legislators in line. In certain ways, this paper is about personal and institutional patronage: the working out of a difficult theoretical impasse requires individual and collective moral support. Often, by adverse economic conditions the respondents meant the drying up of government patronage due to the prolonged economic recession. 14. Only some of these were landowners taking up residence in towns (most landed patronage involved only short visits). Was the patronage element of popular mobilization "extremely difficult to dislodge"? In this context, labor organizations tended to fit into the predominant style of issueless patronage politics, rather than to challenge it. Arguably, no other policy innovation during this era so explicitly substituted a new public service for an established patronage system. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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