| 词汇 | example_english_paternity |
| 释义 | Examples of paternityThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. To the police fell the task of determining paternity and inducing the culprit to cover said costs in order to avoid prosecution. There are some other, firmer ways of limiting access to genetic paternity testing. Mating schemes are independent pairs (the number of observations is 115), hierarchical scheme (440 observations), crossed scheme (479 observations) and paternity search (200 observations). However, this simple relationship is complicated by the multiple origins of many surnames, non-paternity and mutation. Checks against the available national statistics suggest the findings for age at paternity can be accepted with some confidence. Paternity cases offer the historian an ideal post from which to contemplate the relationship between science and law. Paternity, however, is a different, far less obvious matter. Unlike maternity, paternity has not historically been readily determinable at a child's birth. Cases in which the paternity of children of married women were at stake telescope many of the issues that arise with paternity cases in general. Instead, they stated that science should not have any voice in these trials, an attitude rarely found in traditional paternity proceeding decisions. The most straightforward instances are those cases in the first and fourth categories, in which paternity testing is associated with divorce proceedings. There are no studies of the impact on children's welfare of a discovery of misattributed paternity - much less of the impact of undiscovered misattributed paternity! People did not hesitate to approach the police directly with problems of adultery, paternity, or debauchery, as is revealed in the log of their correspondence. There are a number of mechanisms whereby a male promotes his paternity. The combination of paternal bottlenecks and correlated paternity increases the genetic identity of progeny across families and predisposes populations to biparental inbreeding in subsequent generations. Chances of proving non-paternity with a system determined by triple allelic codominant genes. Therefore, for 75 % of the offspring sampled paternity was unresolved. Another way to address the question is to resurrect an interest in paternity certainty studies. The extra-pair paternity rate is approximately 15% in this population. However, when one or several males dominate paternity, the sources of conflict may change. Specifically, relatedness asymmetries due to multiple paternity are expected to lead to an increased reliability and receptivity of matrilineally-transmitted information. The effects of paternity, parental ability, and energy reserves on evolutionarily stable levels of care have not been explored. Whether there is a biological risk attached to youthful paternity too is less clear. In the future, examining paternity and accountability issues seems logical to understand and articulate this aspect of the problem and seek possible solutions. Strategies used by late-arriving males to favour their paternity are also mentioned. In the traditional paternity proceeding, an exclusionary blood test result could not definitively answer the question at hand: was the accused the father. In the more traditional paternity proceeding, jurors and judges were asked to define from scratch who was or who was not a father. However, by the early 1930s, blood tests could and did exclude some of the accused men from paternity. The typical paternity trial usually involved an unwed woman seeking support for her child from a man who she claimed was the father. The bulk of this essay however deals not with paternity testing but with the other applications of blood testing. The very first divorce case to involve paternity tests appeared to set a hopeful precedent for their use in future cases. Although it would disrupt some families that otherwise would never have discovered misattributed paternity, it might help avoid the disruption of later disputes. The central conceptual issue raised by paternity testing is the nature of parenthood. The test for genetic paternity simply does not address the most important consideration. Unwanted paternity, unlike unwanted pregnancy, does not qualify as a medical condition to be prevented. We did not explicitly test for correlated paternity in our analyses. The null hypothesis was that paternity success equalled 0n5 for both competing males. When competing against susceptible males, the paternity success did not vary among resistant males, whatever the genotype of the female. Microsatellites have been used for individual identification, paternity tests, forensic studies and population genetics. Provider's benefit should be payable to children who had lost either parent by death, and children whose paternity was not established. Other states resisted the blood test in divorce cases from the start, even as they allowed it in traditional paternity cases. What the community, if not its social conscience, gained was a definition of paternity that was founded not on genetic truth but on social relations. While the local press considered the judge's decision to be a misconstruction ofjustice, the determination did reflect commonly held beliefs about what constitutes paternity. A recent law (2002) has introduced the paternity leave of 11 days to be taken within 4 months following the baby's birth. Starting in the 1930s, scientists and lawmakers attempted to introduce such evidence into paternity or bastardy trials to attest to a man's innocence. The emerging phenomenon of genetic paternity testing shows how good science and useful social reform can run off the rails. Besides, in some of the cases documented here men, in order to deny paternity, do not negate the existence of marriage, but rather its consummation. Provider's benefit should be paid to children who had lost one or both parents, and children whose paternity was not known. Perhaps not surprisingly, new paternity was found to be significantly associated with an increase in length between pregnancies. Descent clusters within surnames have ages consistent with the known time of surname establishment, and historical non-paternity rates are between 1 and 3 % per generation. The present results suggest the possibility that aged paternity confers a direct biological risk in addition to that presented by maternal youth. In combination with the type of study presented here, seed paternity studies would be very instructional. Faced with his non-paternity, he petitioned the court to curtail his financial obligation to the child. They already had a definition of paternity on which they could rely - albeit not a scientific one, but one that served their needs. However, one gap was soon discovered: children whose paternity was known, but whose fathers were not liable to pay or were paying less than the forwarded amount. On the other hand, how can the male's paternity be assured if his spermatozoa have to compete with those of other males in the same arena ? The main premises of the argument for paternity testing are that parenthood is a biological phenomenon and that determinations of parentage should therefore adhere to the biological facts. Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural populations. The use of restricted fragment length polymorphisms in paternity analysis. To refine the typology of cases with which the discussion began, we need to know whether the man whose paternity is in question is the child's rearing father. A committee of medicolegal experts convened in 1952 to draft legislation on paternity testing noted that many courts did not allow the blood test in divorce proceedings. From the standpoint of the legal historian, the stakes in the paternity trial were low, affecting few outside the circle of those unfortunate enough to be involved in a suit. Suspending the provider's benefit and creating a new pension for orphans however implied that one group of children lost their protection: the children whose paternity was not established. We can also reasonably limit access to testing by requiring that both legal parents (or the legal parent, if there is only one) grant consent to paternity testing. Alternatively, adopted children might have more behavioral problems to diagnose, but for reasons that shed no light on the likely welfare of children involved in cases of misattributed paternity. I approach this issue by setting out the sorts of cases that involve paternity testing and commenting along the way on the range of issues involved in them. Adapting the calculation of likelihood to the occurrence of null alleles is possible, and some trials have indicated that it is a way to recover high efficiency of paternity identification. In addition, the official definition of a person's ethnic identity was traced exclusively through the male line, an obvious weakness given the difficulty of establishing paternity, compared with maternity. To reduce these threats, women may have either mated with multiple partners to confuse paternity or developed male-female friendships, particularly with socially and physically dominant men. An effort to obtain tissue samples from a large proportion of the resident population has been underway for many years, and should provide a broad paternity analysis. In other cases, paternity testing is intentional. Certainty of paternity and paternal effort in the collared flycatcher. Isolated populations of fewer than 200 individuals also exhibited higher correlations of outcrossed paternity (rp) than larger populations, indicating the production of more full-sibs within families. Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle clutches. Each of these departments follows the relevant chapters of the civil service management code in respect of maternity and paternity entitlements. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Permanent staff are entitled to two days paid paternity leave while discretion is exercised for temporary and casual staff according to circumstances. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I have no plans to amend the law to make blood tests compulsory in cases of disputed paternity. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The new clause also deals with the notification requirements that we envisage would be a feasible means of introducing a system of paternity leave. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 He is denying paternity of his 15-year-old son. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Are we back to grandfathers, or paternity, or whatever? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 They also provide for paid paternity, adoption and bereavement leave. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Indeed, so successful is it that there is now competition in claiming its paternity. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Parental leave, by contrast, allows time off after the expiry of maternity and paternity leave over a longer period to care for the young baby. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 He also announced that we would pay fathers for paternity leave from 2003, which will also go a long way. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 By that measure, the proposed adoption legislation is a good idea, because many claims have been made to its parenthood—to its maternity and paternity rights. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Would he get rid of the paternity provisions and the adoption provisions? From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is a very large group where paternity is admitted or where affiliation orders have been won in the courts. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 If a man admits paternity, there is an end of the matter and it need not go to court. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There would be no way of establishing for certain the paternity or maternity respectively of that child. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I comment that a girl given as an instance of a mental defective can without a paternity order keep those children alive. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The basic point that businesses made was that they should not be expected to pay paternity leave. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Illegitimacy is not of course the problem, but mistaken paternity. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is no provision in the code for paternity leave as such. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The code does not provide specifically for paternity leave. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Secondly, support for parents at work must be extended, and we have introduced extensions in paternity and maternity leave. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Take-up of paternity leave is not recorded centrally. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 There is also a two-day entitlement to paid paternity leave for permanent male staff. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Paternity leave is not available to civil servants at present. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 I plead paternity leave in my defence, and add that my presence here today is not entirely understood or even supported at home. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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