| 词汇 | example_english_outlier |
| 释义 | Examples of outlierThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. The resulting data set is filtered to exclude outliers, defined here as 1.5 standard deviations from the mean. Regulation, it is felt, promotes conformity; a successful research enterprise cultivates its outliers. The proportion of extreme outliers in expense ratios starts to decline substantially when total assets are greater than $100,000. All outliers except one had an early retirement age around the mid 50s. Five of seven outliers had substantial salary increases in their last five years. No significant outliers were found and no missing data imputation was performed. The first is that given the small sample size, outliers may have distorted the results. Four cases in the experimental group and six cases in the control group were identified as outliers on dependent variables. The expert assessments of the ' centralized' type in turn often consult each other, and sometimes adjust ratings for outliers. Three lines were subsequently excluded from this study due to extreme outliers among some trait values. However, a few outliers with very large values bias the whole regression. They don't provide information about outliers who are most at risk of complications. The weaker correlation between colony size and home-range quality resulted from one to three outliers of larger colonies with large home ranges of poor quality. The same correction cannot b e applied t o positive outliers, since trees grow. The identification of outliers using this approach does not assume a normal distribution and therefore is quite robust. The same pattern held in the case of the dyslexics (errors: 3%; outliers: 1.5%). Statistical analysis were performed on correctly answered trials only, after removing outliers. 11. The top 1% of weights was trimmed back to the next highest value to reduce the impact of extreme outliers. Of the 109 probands, 2 probands were excluded because they were consistent outliers on the tasks administered. The environmental variables were inspected for normality and univariate outliers. The data were also explored for the presence of extreme outliers. Where they occur, outliers are represented by single points. Statistical outliers can thus distort group-level analyses and bias inferences about general psychological processes. The high-frequency target words were examined individually but no outliers were found. Four cases were identified as multivariate outliers and were eliminated from all analyses. The procedure resulted in the identification of 30 outliers in each of the two samples. We are therefore confident that our results are robust; that is, that they are not driven by outliers. Whether we regard these outliers as cases or as anomalies, substantive results remain unchanged. We have also carried out a robustness analysis by using robust regression techniques (which aim at minimizing the problems associated with outliers). Countries in bold letters: outliers located outside the main area of other countries with small or large lack of freedom over 1981-1986. Other apparent outliers came from pursuing themes linked to my mainstream research. The variable is winsorized in the range [0, 40 %] to remove the effect of outliers. Intercomparing residuals to ®nd outliers in randomized blocks. A criterion of 2.5 standard deviations above the mean was used to identify outliers for each individual's data. The distributions of these dosages were highly skewed and several outliers were identified even though patients taking no medication were excluded from the analysis. The analysis of outliers has been based on registration data for 1876. Despite various modes of calculation, the outliers search consistently identified many of the same parishes. Less than 1% of the data were removed as outliers. After some preliminary analyses, we decided to delete plots representing swamp forests because these invariably appeared as extreme outliers in the ordinations. The dots outside the range of the whiskers represent outliers. Swamp forests were excluded from the analysis because they tended to appear in the ordinations as extreme outliers. A total of 13 multivariate outliers were excluded from the cluster analysis. The median, 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles and outliers are shown. There is intriguing eye movement work done with a class of individuals who as a group are outliers: autistic persons. The identification of these outliers may offer an important tool for exploring mechanisms of language development. Potential outliers are labelled with their field column and row numbers. Possible outliers are identified, then advice sought as to their likely cause and an appropriate remedy. The outliers related to discrepancies in the two laboratory replicate values for three field plots. The approach to the detection of outliers presented in the present paper is informal, based mainly on graphical displays. Extreme outliers were declared as missing values only when there was an explanation in the field books. Under such conditions discarding invalid responses (protest zeros and outliers) may lead to sample selection bias which could have two consequences. Because of the potential influence on the analyses, outliers were assessed for each regression analysis and deleted casewise. Furthermore, except for the one instance noted, no outliers drove the results. While litter effects were not significant, some litters were observed to have outliers. In fitting growth curves outliers can have considerable impact on estimated parameters. The scientific study of ' outliers ' holds particular promise, often revealing a system's complexity that is not evident when studying simpler phenomena. Data were screened to assess for outliers, normality, and skewness. Even without any controls and including outliers, district magnitude is a marginally significant factor associated with the index of public works corruption. Secondly, there are several noticeable outliers in the medium range of effective threshold. The studentized deleted residuals showed four cases to be outliers on the index of independence. However, due to the poor degree of exposure, outcrop studies have not revealed a detailed section from any of these outliers. Note that conglomeratic and coarse-grained facies occur close to basement outliers whereas fine-grained facies thickens toward the axis of depocentres. A small number of high-income outliers were excluded from the calculations. The results reported remained virtually unchanged, so that we need not be concerned with potential nonnormality due to outliers. Instead of excluding outliers using standard deviations, this additional analysis was based on the medians of the production latencies. Correcting for the advantage garnered from the set of parishes identified in this analysis as extraordinary outliers, the result is reversed. All the data logged were filtered by linear low-pass filters and nonlinear median filters to remove high frequency noise, artifacts and outliers. Vertical bars represent the highest and lowest values that are not outliers or extreme values. The latter technique is less influenced by outliers in the data, and hence potentially more robust. In our opinion this gives a more complete picture and is less sensitive to outliers or extreme changes. Costs were not trimmed for outliers or transformed, so analysis is based on mean costs. Marks beyond the error bars represent outliers lower or greater than the 10th and 90th percentiles. The outliers are then defined as the two cases with the lowest densities. Exclusion of the outliers did not significantly alter the results. The scatter plot shows a significant statistical relationship with relatively few outliers. Median, lower and upper quartiles and outliers are shown for each group. The values of the outliers are 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 35, 70, and 95. Dots in this and the following boxplots represent individual outliers. Finally, regression models were tested for each of the three 24-month developmental measures after first testing for and eliminating multivariate outliers. Therefore, the three outliers were retained in all subsequent analyses. A sensitivity analysis showed that the remaining outliers had an effect on the outcome of the analysis; therefore they were excluded from the final analysis. As linear regressions are very sensitive to outliers for the independent variable, the computations were performed both with and without these individuals. Leverage statistics suggested that none of the cases were outliers in terms of independent variables. Most of the relative outliers are small parties. Outliers that arise simply from the skewness of the distribution can be removed, and previously hidden outliers may be forced into view. The data set was first examined for multivariate outliers, as outliers severely affect the ability to detect subtypes if they exist. The 10 high reactive outliers, compared with the 55 remaining high reactives, were either very quiet or very talkative at 41/2 years. No other variables had outliers that were found to skew the results. All variates were first screened for outliers and for normality. Correlations are highly sensitive to outliers, yet their role is unspecified. In deductive analyses, these cases would often be considered outliers. None of the small number of bivariate outliers would increase the relationship between the predictor variables and the outcome measures. Prior to conducting these analyses, we looked for univariate and bivariate outliers. The horizontal top and bottom bars indicate the lowest and highest values, excluding outliers. In the word recognition task, outliers were identified according to word type, sentence type, and word position. Less than 2% of responses were outliers for each group. We concluded that outliers did not influence the model as a whole. Findings may be driven not only by outliers but also control variables. I also wanted to avoid departments that were outliers in terms of budget or personnel. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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