| 词汇 | example_english_onset |
| 释义 | Examples of onsetThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. A constraint-based account of syllable onsets : evidence from developing systems. They make very clear that the lack of laryngeal timing contrasts is a property of single onsets and codas, not of clusters in general. Therefore, ' codas ' may or may not count, but onsets can never be metrically relevant. Glottal consonants permitted everywhere, both in onsets and in codas. Word-internal alveolar stops in onsets and codas were also affected differently by prominence. However, there was a stronger effect of word class on tokens in onsets than on tokens in codas. The effect of syllable length on tokens in onsets and in codas was reversed when we considered the effect of ordinal syllable position on deletion. As will be shown in section 4, in the symmetrical dialect, syllables with onsets and those without onsets display identical characteristics. The audio files for sentences and verb stems were then cut by marking onsets and offsets using a sound editor. The correct generalization is that palatalization is preserved in onsets but lost in codas. Conversely, target voiceless obstruents were produced incorrectly as voiced in onsets, but were produced correctly in codas. In other words, glides are onsets if nothing better is available. Complex onsets like these are compatible with segmental theories of laryngeal licensing, but not with ours, which prohibits aspiration and glottalisation in the same margin. The weightlessness of onsets directly follows from this approach. On the relevance of syllable onsets to stress placement. Regular approaches to stress do no more than encode the observation that onsets are metrically irrelevant. While the language allows syllables to occur without onsets, there appears to be a limit to how many will be tolerated. Likewise, there is a universal tendency to favour obstruent onsets. Not expected, however, is that onsets contribute to syllable weight - and that voiceless onsets attract stress over voiced onsets. The issue of the quality of onsets in determining stress placement is not resolved in this paper. The effect reflected the fact that there was more deletion of tokens in syllable onsets when they occurred later in a word. Note that the class of the following segment also did not predict deletion for tokens in onsets when this subset was tested separately. Finally, crescendo effects have been produced giving novel and interesting onsets in musical situations. The former states that legal syllable onsets and codas are restricted to those phonotactically possible at word-initial or word-final positions. However, such implications normally involve onsets versus codas, grouping all parameters involved in a segments' production as a monolithic whole. Since the book concerns the linguistic information conveyed by the alliterative patterns of verse, its focus is almost exclusively on the onsets of stressed syllables. In sum, target voiceless obstruents in codas never overgeneralized to become voiced, and target voiced obstruents in onsets never overgeneralized to become voiceless. In all three of these respects, final consonants pattern with internal onsets rather than internal codas, a point we will return to presently. True, we offer a principled way of defining the set of projectable units (codas, but not onsets), which is also uniform (only nuclei). We start with examples from obstruent clusters in onsets and codas. Finally, the prominence of the syllable following the alveolar stop had no effect on deletion for tokens in codas, in onsets, or overall. There were substantially more deletions in codas than in onsets. Finally, phone bigram frequency measures affected onsets and codas differently. The effects of prominence were also different for tokens in onsets and codas. The distribution of frequencies, or atom onsets, is made periodic, which produces a harmonic sound while retaining much of the noisy aspect. By the middle of the school year, she found that the majority of the children had become aware of onsets, rhymes, and phonemes (60%). By around age 5, most children would be expected to have represented segments corresponding to onsets and rimes for most words. Nothing of this clustering with obstruents is replicated with the [h] variant of onsets. Most investigators so far have not differentiated, regarding all onsets before the age of 7 years as early, with differences likely to be trivial. Nevertheless, it is clear from this research that children pay particular attention to syllable onsets at a very early age. Treated sounds always involved simple onsets ; consequently, affricates and clusters were avoided as potential targets. In this way, the lexicon becomes reorganized in a way that facilitates quick retrieval of onsets. The word-initial consonants in this study also always occurred as onsets to a stressed syllable regardless of whether the words themselves were mono- or disyllabic. Specifically, we observed that children expanded their repertoire of onsets in a phased relationship between (affricate) singletons, (nonliquid) clusters, (liquid) singletons, (liquid) clusters. If the syllabification of consonants in onsets is unmarked, this pattern will emerge unless it is suppressed by some language-specific constraint. All languages that allow contours to be formed from combinations of nasal and oral consonants syllabify the derived units in onsets. To the best of my knowledge, there are no languages in which branching onsets only occur in this position. The marked status of branching onsets and rhymes is confirmed by the facts of language acquisition. The generalization that emerges is that this dialect contrasts vowels with onsets and those without onsets. The greater duration of stressed syllables is the result of the greater duration of the onsets of stressed syllables. Such onsets do not seem to occur in the languages of the world. If onsets were moraic, one would need to make their nucleus count twice, which is of course out of the question. As illustrated in (46), this ranking produces spreading of place features from onsets to codas in consonant clusters. In addition to obstruents being preferable to sonorants as onsets, obstruents of differing sonority must be differentiated as well. Others, where coronal sonorants appear in onsets, seem to be due to factors that are not purely phonological. Moreover, a representation like that in (i) predicts that weight-sensitivity of onsets should be common. Overall, responders to both light and high-density ions had significantly earlier sleep onsets than non-responders (light, p=0.003 ; ions, p=0.03). By inference, later onsets of the disorders should show greater environmental effects. The onsets of both 0 uw0 and 0 ow0 appear to have moved forward, often overlapping or passing the midcentral vowel 0ö0. We delay gesture onsets by as much as one second, and when necessary we also time-scale gestures to as short as half their original length. In particular, the periodic distribution of frequencies and atomic onsets allows a gradual subtle change between stochastic and voiced sounds. A full 43% of their onsets are fronted during unmonitored free speech. Results of (1) and (2) indicated lear ners were more likely to mishear as a result of word onsets. Accessing spoken words: the importance of word onsets. In onsets, deletion was more likely in postvocalic contexts when the vowel- stop bigram frequency was high. Contrary to the findings for prevocalic position, vowel bigram frequency was not a significant predictor of deletion in onsets for tokens in prevocalic environments. Two sets of onsets in an implicational relationship are examined in the current study: /sk/-/skr/ and /sp/-/spr/. The biliteral onsets in each set are contiguous subsequences of the triliteral onsets. In syllable onsets, deletion is one outcome of gradient lenition that results from gestural reduction during articulation. Since there is no phonological contrast between syllables with onsets and those without onsets in the symmetrical dialect, all vowels are parsed into syllables exhaustively. When we examined individual consonants, deletion in syllable onsets was promoted when the stop was preceded by a coronal sonorant. However, there was an additional effect of predictability on deletion of alveolar stops in onsets, even after rate was controlled for. In contrast, tokens in syllable onsets had about the same deletion rate in words of all lengths. To do otherwise would result in a confounding of diagnostic instability and new onsets of illness. In the current study, 22 different environments (13 consonants and 9 vowels) occurred exactly twice before each of the four onsets. If we assume that they differ, we can account for the problems in the acquisition of codas, but not for the relative success in onsets. In short, it is the lowly p-licensing status of codas and foot-internal onsets that marks them both out as favourable neutralisation sites. In the present context, this predicts that syllabification will respect the phonotactics of word onsets and codas in each language. In general however, languages do admit marked syllables, syllables without onsets, and syllables with codas. One applies to 0t,d0 segments in syllable onsets, and the other to 0t,d0 in syllable codas. Deletion of alveolar stops in onsets with vowel contexts would thus have been masked in previous studies by the preponderance of alveolar stops in codas. Our results for onsets and codas support this interpretation, because of important differing results for alveolar stops in onsets and in codas. Stop-vowel bigram frequencies did not affect deletion in onsets or codas. The modification of onsets in a markedness relationship: testing the conformity hypothesis. Deletion and coalescence occur in wordinitial onsets while metathesis and gemination are restricted to wordmedial position. The theoretical problem is that glides as syllable onsets must be favored and disfavored at the same time. Each child writes rimes on a cardboard roll and onsets on a second roll that fits around the first. Five retrospective studies employing life events interviews specifically examined the role of independent stressors in onsets of manic episodes. In contrast, it delayed early onsets in both psychiatric and healthy controls. The pseudowords shared the letter patterns for onsets and rimes with the number words. Together, these patterns confirm the unmarked status of, among other things, simplex onsets, open syllables and vowel-final words. Moreover, the child has to come with knowledge that head selection depends on position: most sonorous for nucleus, least sonorous for onsets. Even the youngest preschool children produced singleton stop onsets with much greater aspiration than cluster-internal stops in single words as well as in two-word phrases. Allowing complex onsets is clearly a way of expanding the number of possible syllables in a language. Together, these studies demonstrate that the frequency of modification increases with the markedness of the onsets. Other findings are unexpected, and await confirmation by others such as the increased probability of onsets among smokers. Most onsets and remissions were between definite case and non-case levels, rather than around the threshold. The child was asked to try to exchange the onsets and was given help if necessary. Assuming that stops are the least marked onsets, there is no need for a constraint that specifically targets them. He discusses constraints in terms of sets of theorems and corollaries that characterise possible onsets and codas. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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