网站首页  词典首页

请输入您要查询的词汇:

 

词汇 example_english_mutation
释义

Examples of mutation


These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
Of course, it is possible that more complex patterns of gene regulation in eukaryotes might predispose them to synergistic effects between mutations.
Mutations that lead out of the valley onto a new fitness peak are, of course, beneficial mutations.
In the present study we made additional mutations.
The molecular characterization of the mutations suggests a low frequency of false positives.
Heritable changes- called" mutations" - occur if the genetic message is changed.
Any divergence in genotypes or phenotypes is due to the recent generation and fixation of new mutations in these two separately maintained lines.
All data related to mutations are presented with reference to these sequences.
Two control samples were included in each experiment to normalize for mutations induced by transfection or superinfection processes.
Importantly, mutations in individual coiled-coil proteins lead to specific developmental or even behavioral phenotypes.
In a coding region, we intuitively expect to see mutations that make conservative amino acid substitutions; in particular, we expect an abundance of synonymous mutations.
Such replacement mutations are determined to be positively selected.
In more detailed analyses, several groups tested individual codons for replacement mutations that are, as an aggregate, overabundant.
Causative mutations were not found in two of the eight patients.
We did not detect any mutations or polymorphisms in any of the patients or controls.
No mutations or polymorphisms were detected, but our primer pairs and reaction conditions may prove useful for future mutational analyses.
Similar results are obtained for other values of rates of mutations and average mutational effects.
We examined all the genes in the database to see whether they had any insertion mutations of 2-4 basepairs.
The direction of microsatellite mutations is dependent upon allele length.
Let pnk be the frequency of individuals carrying k mutations with effect ss and n mutations with effect sb.
More of the information, especially on effects of mutations, might have been more accessibly presented in tabular form.
The relative frequency of mutations in the causative genes is currently unknown.
The mutations result in either absence of the protein, its reduced expression, or production of a structurally altered protein.
Interestingly, depending on the location of the defect within the molecule, mutations in the same protein may lead to different clinical pictures.
Experiments are necessarily limited in the number of different per mutations of a system (treatments) that can be tested.
Therefore, no clear picture has emerged with regard to p53 mutations in gastric cancer.
The above estimate of the chance of identical mutations at the same site (0.66) will be used.
No new mutations were assumed to occur during the short period of attempted purging.
Strategies to identify candidate genes and elucidate the underlying mutations will be discussed.
Similar principles apply to the classes with 2, 3, ... etc. mutations, which all originate from classes with lower numbers of mutations.
P-element-induced recombinations are thus an efficient way of producing knockout mutations of nearby genes.
If we calculate the ratio r of mutations to observations, we can also estimate the average number of observations of a node.
Two main categories of mutations are defined : premutations (50-200 repeats) and full mutations (more than 200 repeats).
Following the mating process, two kinds of mutations are performed.
Genetic manipulation of these cells will be necessary to achieve targeted mutations in the rat.
In the last seven years we have mapped 10 new genes for various recessive diseases and identified 3 novel mutations.
Both mutations accumulated in common isogenic background and alleles distinguishing independent wild-type stocks have been studied.
Selection can cause overestimation of the true parameter by enriching for beneficial mutations.
The use of pathology-producing mutations to explore connexin structure-function is still in its infancy.
With the advent of new powerful technologies, many new loci with deletions, mutations or other abnormalities have been identified in prostate cancer.
Our procedures differed somewhat for insertions and substitutions, but both involved finding the mutations, finding their flanking sequences, and checking for formation of new repeats.
One hopes that as more of the mutations are screened functionally that promising candidates for study will be identified.
If pressure is low, mutations of late-acting genes are tolerated because they affect biological fitness and reproduction only marginally.
A second reason is that indirect selection may be more efficient, whether it acts on favored alleles (genetic hitchhiking) or on deleterious mutations (background selection).
Deleterious mutations, apparent stabilizing selection and the maintenance of quantitative variation.
Deleterious mutations in a hybrid zone : can mutational load decrease the barrier to gene flow ?
One possible explanation for this discrepancy is synergistic epistasis among the fitness effects of deleterious mutations.
Thus, the masking effect of a wild-type allele does not appear to be very strong when weakly deleterious mutations are considered.
Dominance of deleterious mutations in yeast has previously been estimated.
Under the assumptions that all mutations are deleterious, freely recombining and show no epistasis, this result is unexpected.
Both genetic conflicts and deleterious mutations may thus induce transmission bias that could be exacerbated in males.
Inbreeding depression due to mildly deleterious mutations in finite populations : size does matter.
To test this, some runs were done with additive effects of the deleterious mutations.
Contamination of the genome by very slightly deleterious mutations : why have we not died 100 times over ?
We assume that all mutations segregating in the population are equally deleterious and have equivalent fitness effects in heterozygotes.
Deleterious mutations should not reach substantial frequencies unless selection is very weak.
Two alternative selection regimes were used, in addition to the selection just described against deleterious mutations.
138 as the amount of decline in mean fitness through deleterious mutations gets larger, the non-genetic decline becomes relatively less relevant.
Each distribution of deleterious mutations is calculated as the mean of 100 independent simulations, where the distribution was measured at multiple time points.
Possibly, recombination suppression has lasted for enough time, and effective sizes have been small enough, that haplotypes have fixed highly deleterious mutations.
Therefore, most beneficial mutations can be expected to compensate for deleterious mutations directly at the molecular level.
Obviously the equilibrium level of deleterious mutations will be much lower in recombining genomes.
Although this is the typical characterisation in the descriptive literature, the mutations listed in (2), involving diphthongs, are arguably marginal in the synchronic language.
Alternatively, producers may be heterogeneous (random shocks or mutations may increase the diversity among producers) and make different choices in the same situations.
Only a small percentage of diseaseassociated proteins containing point mutations have been characterised in detail.
However, such mutations affect only a small portion of humanity.
The highest dose also induced specific-locus mutations in post-spermatogonial germ-cell stages of mice but not in spermatogonial stem cells.
The variation necessary for selection may come from genome duplications, large effective population size, and\\or high mutations rates.
With a continuum of alleles, gene flow inflates the genetic variance in the same way as a source of mutations of small effect.
A decline in fitness was observed in this experiment and ascribed to accumulation of mutations.
Proposed mechanism for stability of proteins to evolutionary mutations.
Test of synergistic interactions amongst deleterious mutations in bacteria.
If genetic variation in flower size is not caused by unconditionally deleterious mutations, there should be an immediate response to selection.
If deleterious mutations tend to be more recessive than beneficial mutations, we will score a higher proportion of the beneficial than the deleterious mutations.
The same mutations, scored in homozygotes, might very well be deleterious.
Only deleterious mutations (positive s values) were assumed for the effects on fitness, and lethal mutations were not included in the analysis.
In our experiment, severely deleterious mutations were likely to be eliminated when forming the clonal lines.
The first is the tendency of investigators to generalize from studies of rare single gene mutations with deleterious behavioral effects to more normal situations.
In asexuals the whole genome is linked and thus only favourable mutations that arise in genomes with no deleterious mutations have substantial pfix values.
A small number (say, 100) of individuals drawn at random from the large population generally have different sets of loci with deleterious mutations.
Convergent domestication of cereal crops by independent mutations at corresponding genetic loci.
We have used conditional mutations to analyse their function.
Specific mutations induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides in mice.
The response to selection on major and minor mutations affecting a metrical trait.
There is evidence of children's competence with mutations, although the children's performance is not perfect.
Evans is able to account for these ' mutations ' by analyzing them as remnants of an archaic gender system.
We have demonstrated that the occurrence of sequentially acquired mutations within pfcrt leading chloroquine resistance does not occur in this geographical area.
If polymerase-induced mutations are predominant, their distribution is a priori expected to be largely uniform across the amplicon.
Why are proteins so robust to site mutations?
Kinetic changes caused by the mutations are summarized below the diagram.
An increase in cooperativity is only achieved through mutations in multiple regions of the molecule.
A novel approach to testing for induced point mutations in mammals.
Improving contact predictions by the combination of correlated mutations and other sources of sequence information.
I will then turn to the voicing mutations to show how variation is ruled out.
The musical mutations are effectively rule-based processes, designed to elaborate or to add stability to the melodies.
In other words, there are no mutations involved, and changes in average variables arise only through changes in the composition of the population.
In particular, if conformity is selected for, then mechanisms are needed so that "mutations" of ideas can occur.
A simple method for rapidly detecting defined point mutations.
The distance scale is proportional to the number of mutations per site.
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
随便看

 

反思网英语在线翻译词典收录了377474条英语词汇在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用英语词汇的中英文双语翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2005-2024 fscai.com All Rights Reserved 更新时间:2025/1/13 8:08:04