| 词汇 | example_english_motor-neuron |
| 释义 | Examples of motor neuronThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Other features of motorneuron disease are generalized muscular weakness, wasting, fasciculation and brisk reflexes, though sensation is intact. Pathologically, at 120 days of age, mice treated with minocycline had reduced motorneuron loss, vacuolization, and microglial activation compared to control animals. Our mouse model of motorneuron degeneration will provide access to new genes involved in the pathology of these cells. Reduction of the naturally occurring motorneuron loss by enlargement of the periphery. The aetiology is likely to be multifactoral, involving interplay of several mechanisms to initiate disease and propagate the spread of motorneuron cell death. Experiments in transgenic mice have revealed a key role for neurofilaments in normal motorneuron function. The final mechanism of motorneuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be via a process resembling apopotosis. Here we review the evidence for the main pathogenic mechanisms and outline how they might interact to cause motorneuron death. Our mouse model of motorneuron degeneration carries a mutation in one of these genes. Pathologically, minocycline treated mice had a reduction in activation of microglia and motorneuron degeneration. Spinal stenosis secondary to osteoarthritis gives a characteristic pattern of upper and lower motorneuron signs. Direct recording and decoding of multiple motorneuron signals to derive kinematic information is not yet practical. Some features, such as onset at a young age (below 40 years) or presentation with purely upper or purely lower motorneuron features, are associated with longer survival. Apart from the muscle twitching (which may be confused with fasciculation or denervation, leading to an erroneous diagnosis of motorneuron disease) physical examination may be normal. This review, however, is confined to work with surface electrodes using single or dual channels of stimulation to correct dropped foot in subjects suffering from upper motorneuron lesions. Such a problem is seen in people who have either a peripheral nerve lesion, as a result of trauma or disease, or an upper motorneuron lesion. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of riluzole for motorneuron disease: a rapid and systematic review. We acknowledge the many clinicians who have referred individuals to us, and patients and family members who have contributed samples to our work on motorneuron diseases. If this hypothesis is correct then stimulation patterns replicating the information relayed by a motorneuron to a healthy but fatigued muscle should have potent rehabilitative effects. Unlike motorneuron disease, or multiple sclerosis, with which it is generally confused, it is essentially a disease of the muscle. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 These are the very severely disabled who may have multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, motorneuron disease or brain injury. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 Those with relatively rare conditions such as motorneuron disease, to name but one, also need adequate social care. From the Hansard archive Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0 The other four motorneuron diseases are primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar palsy and pseudobulbar palsy. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This change may represent a change in innervation pattern that may include reinnervation by a different type of motorneuron or loss of multiple innervations. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. An alpha motorneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is a motor unit. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. It belongs to a group of disorders known as motorneuron diseases. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Also, fasciculation does not necessarily denote pathology, as does fibrillation, although it can be seen in lower motorneuron lesions as well. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The activation of one motorneuron will result in a weak but distributed muscle contraction. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Recent years have seen increased movement toward the idea that empathy occurs from motorneuron imitation. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Muscles are controlled by placing a voltage-tension adapter between a motorneuron and a muscle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motorneuron that innervates several muscle fibers. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. One branch innervates the alpha motorneuron that causes the homonymous muscle to contract, producing the reflex. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. It receives upper motorneuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Both atrophy and fasciculations are indicative of lower motorneuron damage to either the nerve or the nucleus. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The effectiveness of medications varies between individuals, and varies based on location of the upper motorneuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The sensory neuron synapses onto the motorneuron in the spinal cord. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Each alpha motorneuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innvervated by it make up a motor unit. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Pins and needles (paresthesia), bowel or bladder dysfunction and lower motorneuron weakness are common features. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In upper motorneuron lesions, muscle tonus may increase and resistance of muscle to stretch increases. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. A nerve signal travels down the upper motorneuron until it synapses with the lower motorneuron in the spinal cord. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Muscle relaxation and inhibition of muscle contraction in vertebrates is obtained only by inhibition of the motorneuron itself. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This increases alpha motorneuron activity, causing the muscle fibers to contract and thus resist the stretching. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Unlike small, spontaneous twitches known as fasciculations (usually caused by lower motorneuron pathology), clonus causes large motions that are usually initiated by a reflex. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Damage to upper motorneuron axons in the spinal cord results in a characteristic pattern of ipsilateral deficits. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. A muscle fiber and the motorneuron to which it is connected. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Each motorneuron in the body innervates one or more muscle cells, and together these cells form what is known as a motor unit. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. As an action potential reaches the end of a motorneuron, voltage-dependent calcium channels open allowing calcium to enter the neuron. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Virus invasion causes inflammation of the nerve cells, leading to damage or destruction of motorneuron ganglia. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Depolarization of the motorneuron results in neurotransmitters being released from the nerve terminal. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. A motor unit consists of one motorneuron and all of the muscle fibers it contracts. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. From the sacral plexus, the lower motorneuron travels down the sciatic nerve. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Lower motorneuron findings are characteristic (e.g. wasting, fasciculations, hypotonia, weakness). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. An ascending pattern of lower motorneuron findings is characteristic (e.g. hypotonia, weakness, areflexia). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Because the interneuron is inhibitory, it prevents the opposing alpha motorneuron from firing, thereby reducing the contraction of the opposing muscle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Though it can not distinguish alpha motor neurons from gamma motor neurons, it is useful in understanding whether one has abnormal motorneuron activity. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The cerebellum is the alpha-gamma motorneuron linkage. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In a neuromuscular junction, a synapse is formed between a motorneuron and muscle fibers. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Motorneuron diseases develop when the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement degenerate and die, causing weakness in the muscles they control. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Spike-triggered averaging is a way to measure the activity of one cortical motorneuron, on a group of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The mirror motorneuron system is responsible for encoding intention and relevant behaviors of others. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The deep fibular nerve is also subject to injury resulting from lower motorneuron disease, diabetes, ischemia, and infectious or inflammatory conditions. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. They typically consist of an upper motorneuron and a lower motorneuron. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. It is one of the characteristic responses of an upper motorneuron lesion. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. At this point, the upper motorneuron synapses with the lower motorneuron, each of whose axons innervating a fiber of skeletal muscle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The motorneuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is a motor unit. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This interneuron excites the alpha motorneuron that causes contraction of the thigh flexor muscle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. A motor unit is defined as one motorneuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. With diminished inhibition, the resting firing rate of the alpha motorneuron increases, producing rigidity, unopposed muscle contraction and spasm. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Damage to motor areas of cortex can lead to certain types of motorneuron disease. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. When muscles receive information from internal or external stimuli, muscle fibers are stimulated by their respective motorneuron. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The spot at which the motorneuron attaches to the muscle fiber is known as the neuromuscular junction. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The same mechanism applies for an upper motorneuron lesion in the right hemisphere. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Studies show that these neurons may offer a contribution to learning and modulation of motorneuron networks. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In vertebrates, acetylcholine released from the motorneuron acts as a neurotransmitter which depolarizes the muscle fiber and causes muscle contraction. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Polysynaptic reflex is a reflex action that transfers an impulse from a sensory neuron to a motorneuron via an interneuron in the spinal cord. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In the mature synapse each muscle fiber is innervated by one motorneuron. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. However, hypotonia caused by cerebellar dysfunction or motorneuron diseases can be progressive and life-threatening. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Ramp-force threshold refers to an index of motorneuron size in order to test the size principle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The other branch innervates the inhibitory interneuron, which in turn innervates the alpha motorneuron that synapses onto the opposing muscle. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. When a motorneuron is activated, all of the muscle fibers innervated by the motorneuron are stimulated and contract. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Health professionals' understanding of impairments in muscles after an upper motorneuron lesion has progressed considerably in recent decades. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Thus, not all neurons correspond to the stereotypical motorneuron with dendrites and myelinated axons that conduct action potentials. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. This decreased synaptic current threshold would enhance motorneuron excitability as nerve impulses would be more readily conducted, and thus turn on this central oscillator. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Each individual muscle fiber is innervated by only one motorneuron, but one motorneuron may innervate several muscle fibers. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Such motor units are made up of a single motorneuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These findings are in contrast to findings in upper motorneuron lesions. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In cases of motorneuron neurapraxia, symptoms consist of flaccid paralysis of the muscles innervated by the injured nerve or nerves. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. As the name and the description implies, monosynaptic reflexes depend on a single synaptic connection between an afferent sensory neuron and efferent motorneuron. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The effectiveness of medications vary between individuals, and vary based on location of the upper motorneuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Any lesion affecting the individual branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical) is known as a lower motorneuron lesion. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts are commonly encountered in studies of upper and lower motorneuron connectivity in the control of voluntary movements. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These symptoms include: dystonia, tremor, dyskinesia, pyramidal tract signs, cardiomyopathy and spinal motorneuron involvement. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Consecutive stimulation on the motor unit fibres from the alpha motorneuron causes the muscle to twitch more frequently until the twitches fuse temporally. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the motorneuron sending a message to the muscles from the somatic nervous system. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. Motorneuron degeneration has been linked to this protein when there is a protein. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. The postactivation potentiation improves motorneuron pool excitability and increases the number of recruited motor units, both leading to greater power output. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. In preparations with movement-related sensory inputs, the muscles and the motorneuron outputs to muscles are left intact, allowing sensory feedback from the moving limb. From Wikipedia This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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