| 词汇 | example_english_ministerial |
| 释义 | Examples of ministerialThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. We cannot pretend, now that two out of three ministerials have collapsed, that we are dealing with business as usual. From Europarl Parallel Corpus - English Finally, we commonly observe otherwise unusual patterns of ministerial appointment during political or economic crises, or otherwise when special expertise is needed. However, in the latter countries alternative steering options in the form of intergovernmental agreements and/or ministerial circulars were given (and have been used). When the commission had its final meeting, the former pro-tax ministerial representatives now denied supporting the tax. Ministerial reviews : these often form the basis for retrenchment or reorganisation activities in ministries and agencies of the government. Reshuffles in combination with prime ministerial oversight, on the other hand, can support a ministerial restraint equilibrium. All this took place in the context of factional and ministerial conflicts. Despite the increasing level of ministerial surveillance, fraud was inevitable. In the absence of any representative assembly, detailed reporting of domestic politics was totally dependent on ministerial goodwill. Since then, the political climate has forced the central government to impose tight controls on ministerial spending. With these elements in place, it tried to get everybody ' on board ' through the inter-ministerial committee, which served as a mechanism to avert future conflicts. The government was there, too, including the president himself and several senior ministerial figures. There was no ministerial voice to press the case for mink control. There were two recommendations in the report that would require changes in ministerial policy. In addition, she compares the pastoral ministry of both characters, subsequently demonstrating that women are capable of acting in an equal ministerial capacity as men. They made serum control transparent even to illinformed ministerial bureaucrats and critical pharmaceutical producers. The coefficients capturing the fractional cointegrating relationship between governing party support and prime ministerial approval in the one-step models are significant as well. The post-war settlement may explain ministerial determination to return to full employment before the general elections of 1959 and 1964. The ministerial committee was paralleled by one of officials which did the detailed work. The statistics as well as ministerial opinion generally confirmed their views. 231 graduates - made their way not in the ministerial haute administration but in the directorships of the enti. The author pursues an ambitious agenda: not only are high-level of®cial visits described, but also, in considerable detail, contacts at ministerial level. Finally, the organisation of government at the ministerial level contributes to the reduced scope for executive leadership. The aim is to confer legitimacy via ministerial appointment and via representativeness. Where ministerial commitment is less the dependency relationship may be more bipolar. First, an experience variable measuring the years of ministerial experience in previous governments at the start of a spell. We also find that experience increases ministerial hazard rates. Our aim in this article is to provide the first description of the characteristics that lead to ministerial durability. Ministerial performance is likely to be related to personal abilities and these might be indirectly related to their characteristics. We treat a ministerial spell as the length of time which a minister serves in a given administration. We argue that two other variables - prime ministerial approval and party identification - also have potentially important theoretical payoffs. The president incurs this cost whenever he vetoes a prime ministerial cabinet proposal. There are also differences to be found in the level of education at each ministerial rank. Their primary focus, however, is on the civil servant's reaction to potential changes in ministerial preferences. The experiment of a ministerial committee was only repeated once in the 1960s and public expenditure soon started to escalate. More important, the ministerial exemption is an indirect subsidy for discriminatory institutions: it permits them to escape civil penalties for otherwise illegal practices. Amid this ministerial reshuffle, his attention never wavered from the public. The enhancement of ministerial control has thus been one of the main aims of administrative restructuring during the 1990s. The accountability of the group will depend on their independence from ministerial control. Governing party support and prime ministerial approval are fractionally cointegrated. The ministerial bureaucracy therefore assumed the role not only of moderator, but also of referee, and thus maintained its dominant position (p. 70). Reshuffles of the ministerial elite were common practice, and it was rare for any minister to serve more than three years. Finances were never adequate for home or overseas missions, or ministerial education. Although these institutions are supposed to work harmoniously, there is a high level of inter-ministerial bureaucratic in-fighting on policy content and direction. Without those efforts, the decision would be a mere formality, a ministerial act-something having little to do with rational argument, with persuasion. The rise of popular francophile radicalism stiffened ministerial ranks, and further strained the whigs. The effect of this argument should be to redirect our attention away from the parlement and towards ministerial politics and the royal court. However, the propositions do show that ministerial restraint equilibria exist even in the face of costly reshuffles. Subsequently, we derive the conditions for the existence of a ministerial restraint equilibrium. Our argument neither contradicts the traditional complaint that reshuffles undercut the accumulation of ministerial expertise nor denies that scandals may prompt reshuffles. Propositions 2 and 3 consider this possibility and show that a ministerial restraint equilibrium exists if the cost of reshuffling the cabinet is sufficiently low. An assumption of ministerial accommodation thus implies a profoundly different perspective on the challenges of building and maintaining coalition governments in parliamentary democracies. Having fleshed out these eight hypotheses regarding the determinants of non-partisan ministerial appointments, we now test them against cross-national data. Balance in ministerial appointment was a sine qua non for building and sustaining a prime ministerial coalition. Elsewhere, another ministerial writer argued that presenting papers to parliament would compromise foreign sources (p. 72) ; the contemporary resonance here is surely intentional. Ministerial experience, education, region and ideology exerted independent influences on the votes in one or both of the rounds of the contest. Rowlands is sceptical of the degree to which the inspectorate was able to enforce ministerial will. Even the claque was part of this - so much so that around the middle of the nineteenth century its leader was chosen by ministerial appointment. Ministerial positions were to be distributed among the factions. At the time, direct ministerial accountability was seen as a benefit. In addition to retrenchments, many ministerial functions were removed and sometimes placed in semi-autonomous agencies. In the following section we present the data and provide a descriptive analysis of ministerial composition in different governments and in different positions. Specifically, we assess the effect of ministerial rank upon length of tenure. One might think of an able minister as someone who performs well in the various tasks involved in the ministerial role. The key contribution of this article is in providing a vector of estimates of the effect of various ministerial characteristics. Ministerial whim must not be allowed too much sway. The answer is that the ministerial exemption gives those interests their due weight. However, cases of parental rights with respect to children do not help to shed much light on the issues of the ministerial and tax exemptions. An early ministerial edict prohibited the harvesting of immature cane and relaxed a freeze on the prices paid to growers. The pursuit of ministerial office is, therefore, a potentially costly activity in terms of lost votes if party policy turns out to be unpopular. Our analysis focuses upon the effects of ministerial attributes and political factors upon the length of time a minister serves in government. However, the second round covered all ministerial home civil service departments except these two. We refer to this equilibrium as a ministerial restraint equilibrium. In short, we reach the counter-intuitive conclusion that cabinet instability (or, less melodramatically, ministerial turnover) can be welfare-improving. Any device that connects ministerial action to policy in this fashion could be employed. How restrictive are the conditions for ministerial restraint equilibria? Today, the decision-making process is characterized by growing inter-ministerial pluralism, which permits different views to emerge and influence the policy-making process. After all, the successful insurrection against the king restored his political acquaintances to ministerial office. Where ministerial commitment and interest is high - in the politically salient agencies for example - there is a triangular dependency. Depending on administrative or ministerial traditions one legal instrument is preferred to the other. Ministerial bureaucrats had little influence on the selection of the representatives. If the results do reflect the underlying reality more than they reflect measurement error, they clearly bring into question the fundamental premise of ministerial autonomy. In the early twentieth century, leading capitalists were once again able to influence ministerial decisions on tariffs, cartel regulations, foreign trade, or social policy. On the other hand, the amount of information to which he had access was impressive, extending far beyond that appropriate to the ministerial level. Where the effort to create constitutional monarchy proved fleeting, the move to a ministerial system has endured. Peace arbitrators thus came to epitomize not the" representative" but the" personal" or the" ministerial" approach to the management of the countryside. Their creation appeared to mark a clear victory for the" representative" approach to administration at the expense of the" personal" and the" ministerial". Moreover, efforts by the railways to make their internal planning more realistic may be thwarted, since plans are liable to arbitrary ministerial reduction. He might claim that religious individuals have a right that their institutions be given a ministerial exemption but not taxexempt status. Discussion around the cabinet table increasingly took the form of prime ministerial monologues. One would suspect that the personal characteristics of the prime minister and differences in the government will be a key determinant of ministerial tenure. We are also able to address the effects of ministerial characteristics which may change during a spell in government. The negotiation process about the distribution of ministerial portfolios started next. The conditions for ministerial restraint equilibria are somewhat more restrictive than when the reshuffle regime is exogenously determined, but not overly so. Of particular interest is that ministerial restraint equilibria generally require a certain degree of difference in the ministers' levels of ambition. Similarly, our assumption that ministerial drift takes the form of spending can easily be rephrased in terms of policy. Without the simplifying assumption of ministerial autonomy, there can be little doubt that the task will be a daunting one. An example of a ministerial restraint equilibrium under repeated interactions is available from the authors upon request. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. |
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